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BLISS, 



ILLUSTRATED 





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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS J 

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UNITED STATES OK AMEIDCA 



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fiijiiliii' mi 




OUR 

COUNTRY MY) GOVERNMENT 

FOE 

O^E HTOTDRED YEARS: 

A REYIITVV OF THE 

|[olomaI and |lonsiifiitianal ™uijr^nmi:nl^^ 

ANB 

NATIONAL PROGRESS OF 
THE UNITED STATES. 

WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE PRESIDENTS. 



DECLABATION OP INDEPEN-DKXCE. CONSTITUTION, CONVENTIONS, PLAT- 
FORMS, ELECTION RETURNS, ANNUAL EXPENDITURES, 
ANB NUMEROUS STATISTICS, 



By frank C. BLISS. 
AutTwrof ^'■lAfe Woa^kof Livingstone^ " CiUzen''s Manual,'''' &c. 



ILLUSTRATED. 




NEWARK, N, J.: 

F. C. BLISS & COMPANY, 

1876, 



Enteeed according to Act of Congress, in the year 1ST6. 

By F. C. BLISS & COMPANY, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at ^^Vashington. 






INTEODUCTIOK 



In the compilation of this little work, the Author has col- 
lected together the most important facts, and statistics, relat- 
ing to the Political History of the country. 

In its arrangement he has adopted the simplest form ; that 
of placing events as much as possible in their chronological 
order, commencing with the Colonial Government, and bring- 
ing it down to the present time ; introducing the Constitution, 
Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, &c., 
in their appropriate places. 

In preparing the Biographical Sketches of the Presidents, 
and of the Candidates recently nominated for the Presidency 
and Vice-Presidency, he has endeavored to do equal justice 
to all, giving the facts, without favor or prejudice, and not at 
all biassed by party views or interest. The Statistical matter 
has been obtained from reliable and official sources, and great 
pains has been taken to make it correct in every particular. 

In presenting the work to the public, the Author trustsitwill 
be found very useful as a book of reference to all, and especially 
to those, who may not have access, at all times, to large libra- 
ries, where the facts herein stated might be obtained, though 
not without much trouble. 

It is essential to the very existence and duration of our Po- 
litical Institutions, that the people talie a lively interest in 
our public concerns. They should become thoroughly in- 
structed in the Political History of the country ; the Princi- 
ples of the Government, the Character and Qualifications of 



IV INTRODUCTION. 

the Candidates ; and in this connection, vrc mast not for^^et 
that a rumor docs not prove a fact, a simple fact does not 
prove a theory, nor a mere caricature, in an illlustrated news- 
paper, prove a man to be either a simpleton, or a knave. 

In a free government, like ours, there will naturally arise, 
at least two great and leading divisions. Men differently ed- 
ucated, and looking at questions from different standpoints, 
even retaining their integrity, will widely hut honestly differ 
in their opinions on questions constantly arising; hence 
there ever will be Cliques, Parties, and Factions. 

No Party or Faction should receive the continued confi- 
dence and support of an American Citizen, unless first, its 
principles are sound and correct, and second, unless it presents 
as its candidates to represent those principles, and to occupy 
its places of trust and emolument, honest, trust-worthy, and 
capable men. 

Newark, May, 1876. 



CONTEI^TS. 



OuE Eepublio 13 

Its Peesext Aeea, and How Acqtjieed 15 

Its Population at Each Census Peeiod 16 

Table of Population of States at Diffebent Pekiods 17 

OUK Republican Goveenment 18 

The Colonial oe Kevolutionaby Government 19 

Declaeation of Independence 'Jl 

Colonial Goveenment undee the Confedeeation I'T 

Aeticles of Confederation 23 

Seeious Defects in this Foem of Govenxment S9 

Table, Showing the Inequality of Repeesentation 40 

The Foreign Debt before the Constitution 41 

TVhy, and How the Constitution was Adopted 42 

General Index to the Constitution 43 

Constitution of the United States 43 

Amendments to the Constitution 60 

The Government Under the Constitution 73 

When Ratified by the Original States 73 

The Execittive Beanch of the Government 73 

The President and Vice-Peesident, How Elected 73 

Peesidential Electors, How Appointed 77 

Table of Apportionment of Representatives 78 

Electoral Vote foe Next Presidential Election 78 

The Cabinet Council 79 

Seceetaeies of Diffeeent Departments , 79 

Their Official Duties 80 

The Legislative Branch of the Government 81 

Senate and House of Representatives 81 

Qualifications of Senatoes and Repeesentatives 81 

The ,Judicial Depaetment of the Goveenment 82 

The Fedeeal Courts of the United States 82 

Judges of Federal Couets, How Appointed 83 



VI 



CONTENTS. 



Table, showing Salaries of Federal Officeks 84 

Pkesidexts or the Coxtixextal Congress 84 

Signers of the Declaration of Indepen'dence 85 

Table, giving Time of Their Births and Deaths 83 

Presidents of the United States 86 

Vice-Presidents of the United States SG 

Secretaries of State, and of the Treasury 87 

Secretaries of Other Departments 88 

Chief Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court 89 

Associate Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court 89 

Speakers of the House of Representatlves SO 

Existing Government of the United States 93 

Names of Different Officials • ^'^ 

Present Senators, Duration of Term, &c 95 

Present Representatives, Duration op Term, &c 97 

Governments of the Several States .101 

Governors of the Several States, and their Salaries, &c — 101 

"When Legislatures Meet— Sessions— State Elections 103 

Results at the Latest State Elections 103 

Majorities ON Joint Balllot, in THE Several Legislatures — 107 

TVashington's Administration, Cabinet, &c 109 

Financial Condition of the Country 109 

Table of Annual Imports, Exports, Expenditures and Debt 109 

Biographical Sketch of George Washington 110 

Administration of John Adams, and Cabinet ill 

Table of Annual Imports, Exports, Expenditures and Debt 114 

Biographical Sketch of John Adams 115 

Jefferson's Administration, Cabinet, &o US 

Table of Annual Exports, Imports, Expenditures and Debt US 

Biographical Sketch of Thomas Jefferson 119 

Madison's Administration, Cabinet, &c 122 

Table Showing the Financial Condition of the Country. . . . 122 

Biographical Sketch of James Madison 123 

Monroe's Administration, Cabinet, &c 126 

Table Showing the Financial Condition of the Country — 126 

Biographical Sketch of James Monroe 127 

Administration op John Quincy Adams, Cabinet, &c 100 

Table of Finances, Debt, &c 130 



CONTENTS, Vli 

Biographical Sketch of Johx Q, Adams.., 13i 

JaCKSOX'S AD3IIXISTKATI0X, CABINET, &G , 134 

Table of Annual ExpEXDiTtrEES, Debt, &c... 134 

BlOGEAPHICAL SKETCH OF ANDREW JaCKSON , 135 

Van Btteen^s Aministration, Cabinet, &c 140 

Table of Expenditures, Debt, &c 140 

Biographical Sketch of Martin VanBiiren, 141 

Harfjson's and Tyler's Adjuixistrations, Cabinets, i&c 144 

Table of Annual Expenditures, Debt, &c 144 

Biographical Sketch of William H. Harrison 145 

Biographical Sketch op John Tyler, 147 

Adhinistration of James K. Polk, Cabinet, &c.. • 150 

Table of Annual Expenditures, Debt, &c , 150 

Biographical Sketch of Jajies K, Polk 151 

Taylor's and Fillmore^'s Administrations 15^1 

Table of Annual Expenditures, Debt, &c 154 

Biographical Sketch of Zachary Taylor 155 

Biographical Sketch of Millard Fillmore 157 

Administration of Franklin Pierce, Cabinet, &c 160 

Table, Showing Financial Condition of Country 160 

Biographical Sketch of Franklin Pierce 161 

Buchanan's Administration, Cabinet, &c 164 

Table op Annual Expenditures, Debt, &c 164 

Biographical Sketch of James Buchanan 165 

Lincoln's Administration, Cabinet, &c 168 

Table of Expenditures, Debt, &o 163 

Biographical Sketch of Abraham Lincoln 169 

Johnson's Administration, Cabinet, &c 173 

Table of Annual Expenditures, Debt, &c 173 

Biographical Sketch of Andrew Johnson 174 

Grant's Administration, Cabinet, &o 177 

Financial Condition of the Country 177 

Biographical Sketch of Ulysses S. Grant 178 

Electoral Vote for President and Vice-President,17S9-1797. . 184 

" " " " " " 1797-1809.. 183 

" « " " " " 1809-1817.. 186 

" ' " " " " 1817-1829.. 187 

" _ • • 1829-1841.. 188 



Viii CONTENTS. 

ELIOTOBAL VOTB fob rSKSlDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT, 1S11-1S53. . . 1S9 

" •• " •' " " 1&03-1865... 190 

" «< ••• ♦' " '• 18C5-1873... 191 

Table or the Popular and Electoral Vote of 1872 by Status.. 192 

Liberal Republican Convention 194 

Address to tiie Liberal Republican Contention V.>5 

Platforsiof" " *' " 196 

Nomination of Horace Greeley, li'8 

Nomination of B. Gratz Brown 199 

lUoGRAPmCAL Sketcu of Horace Grekley 2(0 

Biographical Sketch of B. Gratz Brown 204 

National Republican Convention 2U6 

Nomination of Ulysses S. Grant 218 

Platform of the Republican Convention 209 

Nomination of Henry Wilson 212 

Biographical Sketch of Henry Wilson 213 

Democratic National Convention 217 

Nomination of Greeley and Brown 218 

National Gkowth and PBOspEBiiy 219 



ILLUSTRxVTION-S. 



Page. 
The National Capitol Frontispiece 

Bill of Credit or Continental Money 20 

Independence Square— Face Page 21 

Seal of the State Department 83 

The National Senate Chamber— Face Page 81 

Hall of the House of Representatives- Face Page 100 

Portrait of George Washington 110 

" " JohnAdams 115 

" " Thomas Jefferson 119 

" " James Madison 123 

" " James Monroe 127 

" " John Q.Adams ,, 131 

" " Andrew Jackson 135 

" " Martin Van BuREN ,, 141 

" " William H. Harrison 143 

" " John Tyler 147 

" " James K. Polk 151 

'» " Zachary Taylor 155 

" " Millard Filmore 157 

" " Frankli-n Pierce 161 

" " James Buchanan 105 

Lincoln's Inauguration— Face Page 2G3 

Medal from the French Democrats 170 

Medal to Mrs. Lincoln 171 

Portrait of Andrew Johnson 174 

" " Ulysses S.Grant 178 

The White House from Pennsylvania Avenue— ^Fctce Page 192 

Portrait of Horace Greeley 200 

•* •• B. Gratz Brown r.04 

" '* Henry Wilson 213 

Horticultural Building— Centennial Exhibition 219 

Art Gallery— Centennial Exhibition 221 



IXDEX. 



Area of the U. S.,15; Its growth, 
10 ; Of the several States, 102. 

Articles of Coufederation, 2S. 

Amencliiipnts to the Constitution. 
CO, 71, 74. 

Apportionment of Representatives 
77,73. 

Attorncs'S— General, 80, 84, 89. 

Arkansas, 17, 101, 102, 107. 

Alabama, 17, 101, 102, 107. 

Adams, John, Life of, 115— Cabinet, 
&c.,114. ni.^ Admi:jlstration,n3. 

Adams, John Q., Life of, 131— Cabi- 
net &c., 130 — Ilis Administra- 
tion, 129. 

Address of Liberal Republicans, 195 

Acceptance, Letters of, 200, 217, 218. 
Wants in Greeley's last one. 



Branches of the Government, 75 

81, 82. 
Biographical Sketch of "Washing 

tun, 110. 
Biographical .Sketch of John Ad 

ams, 115. 
Biographical Sketch of Jefferson 

iia. 

Biographical Sketch of Madison, 

123. 
Biographical Skctch(of Monroe, 125, 
Biograplilcal Sketch of J. Q. Ad' 

ams, 131, 



Biographical Sketch of Andrew 

Johnson, 135. 
Biograpliical Sketch of Van Buren, 

135. 
Biographical Sketch of Harrison, 

145. 
Biographical Sketch of Tj'ler, 147. 
Biographical Sketch of Polk, 151. 
I3iographical Sketch of Taylor, 155. 
Biographical Sketch of Fillmore, 

157. 
Biographical Sketch of Pierce, 161. 
Biograpliical Sketch of Buchanan, 

165. 
Biographical Sketch of Lincoln, 169. 
Biographical Sketch of Johnson, 

174. 
Biographical Sketch of Grant, 173. 
Biographical Sketch of Horace 

Greeley, 204. Ilis Nomination, 

198, 
Biographical Sketch of Henry Wil- 
son, 220. 
Biographical Sketch of B. Gratz 

Brown, 203. His Nomination, 

199, 
Buchanan, Life of James, 165. 

Cabinet, 164. 



Countrj'— Its Growth and Popula- 
tion, 16, 17. Existing Govern- 
ment, 92. 

Colonial Government, 19, 20. 

Congress, Continental, 20. Presi- 
dents of, 84. 



INDEX. 



Confederation, Articles of, 28. 
Confederate Government— Serious 

defects in, 39. 
Convention of Delegates, to form 

Constitution, 42 
Constitution of the United States, 

43. Government under, 73. 

Wlien liatifled by the States, 73. 

Amendments to, 45, 60, 71, 74. 
Cabinet— Whom composed of, 79. 
Cabinet of the Presidents, 109, 114, 

118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 140, 144, 150, 

154, 160, 164, 168, 173, 177. 
Circuit Courts, U. S., 82. Supreme, 

82, 93. 
California, 17, 101, 102, 107. 
Connecticut, 17, 101 102, 107. 
Convention, Liberal Republican, 

193. Proceedings, &c., 194-199. 
Convention, National Republican, 

210. Proceedings, &c., 210-216. 
Convention, National Democratic, 

223. Proceedings, &c., 223-227. 
Candidates for the Presidency, &c., 

198, 199, 212, 216, 225. 



Declaration of Independence, 21. 
District Courts, U. S., 83. 
District Court Judges, 83. 
Delaware, 17, 101, 102, 104. 
Democratic Convention, Platform 
and Proceedings, 223- 



E 



Executive branch of the Govern- 
ment, 75. 

Electors, Presidential, 75. 

Electors— How Appointed, 76. 

Electoral Vote, 73, 184—191. 

Existing Government, 93. 

Elections, Latest State, 103—107. 

Elections— When Held, 1C2. Presi- 
dential, 184—191. 



Expenditures of the Government, 
109, 114-118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 140, 
144, 150, 154, 160, 164, 168. 173, 177. 

Exports. See same pages as Ex- 
penditures. 



Florida, 17, 101, 102, 105. 



G 



Government, Our Republican, IS. 

Government, Colonial, 19. Serious 
Defects in, 39. 

Government Cinder the Constitu- 
tion, 73. Existing, 93. 

Government— Executive Branch,75 
Legislative Branch, 81, Judicial 
Branch, 82. 

Government of the Several States, 
101, 102. 

Georgia, 17, 101, 102, 105. 

Governors of States, 101 ; "When 
Appointed, Duration of Term, 
Salaries, &c., 101. 

Grant, Ulysses S, Life of, 178 ; Cabi- 
net, 177 ; His Renomination, 211 ; 
Letter of Acceptance, 217. 

H 

House of Representatives, 81, 91, 97. 
Harrison, Wm. H., Life of, 115; 
Cabinet, 144. 



Independence, Declaration of, 21. 

Indebtedness of the Country in 
1787, 41 : at different periods, 
109, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 140, 
144, 150, 154, 100, 164, 163, 173, 177. 

Interior, Secretary of, 80, 84, 89. 

Illinois, IJ, 101, 102, 106. 



Xil 



IXDEX. 



Indiana, 17, 101. 102, 106. 
Iowa, 17, 101, 10?, IOC. 
Iinpcachmeut of Andrew Johnson, 



Justices, U. S. Courts, 83, 84, 80. 
Judiciar}', 82, 84, 89. 
Joint Ballot, Majorities on, 103. 
Jefferson, Thomas, Life of, 119; 

Cabinet, 118. 
Jaclfson, Andrew, Life of, 135 ; 

Cabinet, 134. 
Johnson, Andrew, Life of, 174 ; 

Cabinet, 173 ; Impeai;hment, 175. 



Kansas, 17, 102, 102, 107. 
Kentucky, 17, 101, 102, 106. 



Legislative Branch of Government 

81. 
Louisiana, 17, 101, 102, 105. 
Legislatures— When they Meet, 202. 
Lincoln, Abraham, Life of, li)0; 

Cabinet, 1C3 ; Death of, 171. 
Liberal Republican Convention, 

194. 
Letters of Acceptance— Greeley's, 

200 228 ; Grant's 217 ; Wilson's, 

218. 



HI 

Ministers, 84, 93, 94. 

Ministers, Tal)le of foreign and 

Kesident, 93. 
Maine, 17, 101, 103. 
Maryland, 17, 101, 102, IW. 
J^Iassachusetts, 17, 101, 102, 103. 
Michigan. 17, 101, 102, 106. 
Minnesota, 17, 101, 102, 107. 
MlBSlBSippi, 17, 101 102 105 



Missouri, 17, 101, 102, 107. 

Madison, James, Life of, 123; Cabi- 
net, &c., 122. 

Monroe, James, Life of, 127 ; Ad- 
ministration, 1S6. 

Med;il from Frencli Democrats, to 
Mrs. Lincoln, 170, 171. 



National Constitution, 73. 

Xavy, Secretary of 79 ; Salary, 84 

Table of these Officers, 83. 
Nebraska. 17, 101, 102, 107. 
Nevada, 17, 101, 102, 107. 
Xcw Hampshire, 17, 101, 102, 103. 
New Jersey, 17, 101, 102, 104. 
New York, 17, 101, 102, 103. 
North Carolina, 17, 101, 102, 105. 



Ohio, 17, 101, 102, 106. 
Oregon, 17, 101, 102, 107. 



Population U S., a Census Period, 
16, 17. 

Population of the States, 17, 102. 

Powers of the Government, 72. 

President, 75, 84. Presidential Elec- 
tors, 75, 7G, 77, 73. 

Postmaster General. 80, 84, 88. 

Presidents Continental Congress, 
84; List of, &c., 86; Salary, 84; 
Electoral Votes for, 1S4-191. 

Pennsylvania, 17, 101, 102, 104. 

Polk, James K, Life of, 151 ; Cabi- 
net, 150. 

Pierce, Franklin, Life of 161 ; Cabi- 
net, 150. 

Platforms, of Liberal Republican, 
19G; of Deninoratle Party, 224, 
196; of l^epub icau Party, 2i:i- 



INDEX. 



Republic, Our, 15. 

Republican Government, 13 

lieprcsentative Tabic, under Con- 
federation, 40. 

Ecprescntatives, Apportionment 
of, 78, 82; How Elected, 81; 
Qualifications, 81 ; Salaries, 84 ; 
Xames of present, 97. 

EiiQde Island, 17, ICl, 102, 103. 

Returns, State Elections, 103-107. 
Presidential Elections, 184-191. 

Republican Convention, 210; Pro- 
ceedings, &c.,211. 

Republican Liberal Convention, 
194, 193. 



Secretary of State, 79, 81, 87, 93. 
Secretaries, Other, 79, 81, 87, 83, 93. 
Salaries of Federal Officers, 84. 
Senate, 81; Present Members, 95, 

96. 
Senators, Qualifications of, 81. 
Senators— How Classified, 81. 
Supreme Court, U. S., 82, 84, 89. 
Signers Declaration Independence, 

85. 
Speakers House Representatives, 

90-92. 
States, Government of, 101, 102. 
State Elections, Results of, 103— 

107 ; Time of, 102. 
South Carolina, 17, 101, 103, 105. 



Treasury, Secretary of, 79 ; Salary, 

84. 
Table of Secretaries, 87, 88, 89. 
Tennessee, 17, 62, 103, 106. 
Texas, 17. 101. 102, 105. 
Tyler, John, 147 ; Cabinet, &c., 114. 
Taylor, Zachary, Life of, 155 ; Cabi- 
- net, 154. 

U 

United States, Population, 16, 17. 



Vice-President— Qualifications and 
How Elected, 75; His Duties, 
75; Salary, 84; Table of Vice- 
Presidents, 86. 

Vermont, 17, 101, 102, 103. 

Virginia, 17, 101, 102, 104. 

Van Buren, Martin, Life of 141 ; 
Cabinet, 140. 

W 

War, Secretary of, 79; Salary, 84; 

Table of these Officers, 88. 
West Virginia, 17, 101, 102, 104, 
Wisconsin, 17, 101, 102, 106. 
Washington, George, Biograpical 

Sketch, 110; His Cabinet and 

Administration, 190. 
Wilson, Henry, Life of, 221. 



OUR REPUBLIC 



The United States of America, is a Confederation of Sovereign 
States, and lies in tlie middle portion of the Western Hemisphere, 
extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. Its greatest breadth 
from east to west is about 3,000 miles, and it has a coast line 
of 2 163 miles on the Atlantic, 1764: miles on the Gulf of 
Mexico, and 1,343 miles on the Pacific, embracmg an area of 
3,5'7S,3'72 square miles. 

In 1782, the Territories of the Confederation extended west- 
ward to the Mississippi, and northward to the great Lake?, 
n-iving a total area of about 800,000 square miles, but by 
large acquisitions since made, it has reached its present size. 

ITS PRESENT AREA HAS BEEN ACQUIRED AS FOLLOWS : 
Territory ceded by England in 1783, 
Louisiana, as acquired from France in 1803, - 
Florida as acquired from Spain in 1821, 
Texas as admitted to the Union in 1S45, - 
Oregon by treaty in 1846, .... 

California taken from Mexico in 1847, 
Arizonia from Mexico by tieaty in 1854, 
Alaska from Russia by treaty in 1867, 

Total present Area, 3,578,392 Square miles. 

The increase of the population, and the rapid growth and 
development of the country have been truly wonderful. In 
1620 there were but 300 white settlers in New England. Less 
15 



815,615 Square miles. 


930,928 


•' " 


59,268 


" " 


237,504 


" " 


280,425 


f " 


649,762 


" " 


27,500 


" " 


577,390 


" 



16 



OUR KErUBLIC. 



than 250 years ago, Xcw York City was made up of a dozen 
log-eabins, and all the land now comprising the City and 
County of New York, was purchased for the small pittance of 
twenty-four dollars. 

Fifty years since, there were less than 5,000 white people in 
the vast region between Lake Michigan and the Pacific Ocean, 
while the population now exceeds 10,000,000. Chicago was 
then a mere trading-post of half a dozen huts. 

Sixty-five years ago, those immense lakes, Ontario, Michi- 
gan, Huron, and Superior, were entirely without commerce, 
and an Indian's canoe was about the only craft seen upon 
them ; but now, they are crowded thoroughfiires, and the value 
of the traffic upon these waters, and navigable rivers, is not 
much less than nine hundred millions of dollars per annum. 

A few yeai'S since San Francisco was Mexican territory, with 
a handful of wild people and almost unknown. She sprang 
as if by magic into existence, and in the space of two years 
her population increased from 1,500 to nearly 60,000. One 
hundred years ago, we were but thirteen feeble Colonies, with 
but 3,000,000 of inhabitants, while we now comprise 38 free, 
sovereign, and independent States, having in addition, the Dis- 
trict of Columbia and 10 territories, with a population of 
about 40,000,000 of inhabitants. 

THE FOLLOWING TABLE WILL SHOW THE POPULATION OF THE 
COUNTRY, AT TUE DIFFERENT CENSUS PERIODS, SINCE, AND IN- 
CLUDINCr 1*790. 



Census 
Years. 


Whites. 


Free Colored. 


Slaves. 


Total. 


1700 


3.17?, IfU 


59..|(;8 


r.07.^07 


3.020.S27 


1R(X) 


4.r:'U..!39 


10? .335 


S:V,.<r.T 


r).no.-.,'.)ii 


1<^10 


r.S(V3.'>u 


1S6..11G 


i.r.)i, :;(■.! 


7;j;v.t.sit 


Ifi^O 


7.H(;(;.r>G9 


233.521 


].y:.<p:u 


•i.f.:;s.i;ti 


1330 


l().;Vr^.(r,0 


310.509 


2 tKVt i>',:'. 


i2,S(;(;,n?'j 


ISIO 


1 l,lS9,7f>5 


8Sr,.202 


2.1^7.3V! 


17.' !(■/). 1,-3 


isrv) 


l<)/«o,7;« 


42S,r,fil 


3,2iU.(N<» 


23.2(r,,|S!? 


IRfiO 


2''.,0:,7,I71 


532.(100 


8,053,7(30 


31.113.321 


1«70 


:?:%-Mf.,'m 


4.R«'i.nno 







•Tlils total iucludus 63,25i Chlueao and 25,731 Indiana. 



CEl^SIJS OF TnE UXITED STATES. 11 

POPUUTIO}( OF THE UNITED STATES, 

ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 

184:0, 1850, 1860 & 1870. 



States and Territories. 


iS4a 


1.S50. 


ISCO, 


1870. 


Alabama „ 


590,756 
97,574 


771,623 
209,897 
92,-597 
370,792 
91,532 
87,445 
906,185 
8.51,470 
988,416 
192,214 

""*98*2*'4'o'5 
517,762 
58.3,169 
583,034 
994,514 
397,6.54 
6,077 
606,526 
682,044 

""'3*1*7**976 
489,5.55 

3,097,3'.)4 
869,039 

1,980,329 
13,294 

2,311,786 
147,545 
668,507 

1,002,717 
212, .592 
314,120 

1,421,661 


964,201 
43.5,4.50 
379,994 
460,1-17 
112,216 
140,421 

1,057,286 

1,711,951 

1,350,428 
674,913 
107,206 

1,1.5.5,684 
7a8,002 
628,279 
687,049 

1,231,066 
749,113 
172,023 
791,305 

1,182,012 

Z8,84l 

6,857 

326,073 

672,035 

3,8.S0,735 
992,622 

2,339,511 
52,465 

2,906,215 
174,620 
703,708 

1,109,801 
604,215 
31.5,098 

1,596,313 

'****775i*88i 


,996,992 

484,471 

560,247 

537,454 

125,015 

187,748 

1,164,109 

2,539,891 

1,680,637 


California. 




3)9,978 
78,085 
51,477 
691,392 
476,183 
685,866 
43,112 

'*"779r823 
352,411 
501,793 
470,019 
737,699 
212,267 

""375','65*i 
383,702 




Florida _ 


Illinois _ 

Indiana 


Kansas _ 


364,399 

1,321,011 

726,915 

626,915 

780,894 

1,457,351 

1 184 059 


Louisiana ^ 


Maryland „ 

Massacliusetts ~ 

Micliigan 


Minnesota 

ilJ!=r:;.:;::::::;::;-:-: 


439,706 
827,922 
1,721,2<»5 
122,993 
42,491 
318,300 
906,096 


Nebraska 

Nevada 




284,574 
373,3fi6 

2,42.8,921 
7.)3,419 

1,519,467 

■■i*,*7*2*4r03.3 
108,830 
594,398 
829,210 

**'"*29'i*,*94's 
1,239,797 

30","9*45 




New York 


4,382,7.59 




1 071,361 


Ohio 

Oregon 


2,66.5,260 
90,923 

3, .521, 791 
217,353 
705,606 


Rhode Island 

South Carolina 




1,2.58,520 
818, .579 
330,551 

1,22.5,163 


Texas 


Virginia 


Wost Virginia 


Wisconsin 


305,391 


1,054,670 


Total States 


17,019,641 


23,067,262 


31,183,744 

34',*27*7 

4,837 
75,080 


33,113,253 
9,658 








39,864 


Dakota 






14, 181 


District of Columbia 


43,712 


51,087 


131,700 


Idaho 


14,999 








20,595 






61,. 547 
11,380 


9.3,516 
40, 273 
11,594 


91,874 


Utah 




86,786 






23, 9.55 


Wvonnng 


'ei'ibo 


9,118 


















Totals 


17,069,453 


23,191,876 


31,443,321 


38,555,983 







18 OUli llJirUBLICAN GOVEliJNMiiNT. 



OUR REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT. 

The Government of the United States is the result of deep 
research, cool and calm deliberation, of great wisdom and 
sound judgment, and is probably the best ever formed bv man. 

It was not brought about in a hurried manner, nor did it 
spring into existence, by reason of a combination of unfore- 
seen and fortuituos circumstances, which aroused the passions 
of the multitude, and led them to adopt a Republican Govern- 
ment more tyrannical than tyranny itself. 

Our government was based upon truth and justice, and the 
object of it was to establish justice, insure domestic tranquil- 
lity, provide for the common defence, promote the general wel- 
fare, and to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 
posterity. 

The government and constitution ])cing purely Democratic, 
the People are the Sovereigns. How much is expressed in 
those three words, " "NVe, thk People ;" that is. We, the Sover- 
eigns ; "We, the Rulers ; We, the Law-Givers ; how expressive of 
majesty and power, and how insignificant do they make Kings 
and tyrants appear. The President, Vice President, Senators, 
Legislators, and all other officials are the mere agents and ser- 
vant of "We, the People," for they were created by, and for 
the people, and Jiot the people for them. Whatever of power, 
whatever of authority, whatever of dignity they possess in 
tlieir official stations, Mas delegated to them by the Sovereign 
People for the honor, prosperity, and happiness of the peoi)le 
themselves. 

What government, or constitution could be devised, more 
perfect than that, which puts it in the power of those who suf- 
fer from an unprincipled government officer, or from the effects 
of a mal-admiuistration, to remove such, or prevent their cou- 



THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. .19 

tinuance, not by rash, passionate, and unlawful acts as in an- 
cient republics, but by such as are rational, deliberate, and 
constitutional. This could not be done under a tyrannical, 
despotic, or monarchial government, because the crown and 
scepter are hereditary. 



THE COLONIAL 

OR 

REVOLUTIONARY GOYERNMENT. 

As early as October 1765, soon after the first encroachment 
had been made by the British Government upon our hberties, 
by* the passage of the Stamp Act, a congress of delegates 
from the Colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti- 
cut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary- 
land, and South Carolina, assembled in New York, and adopted 
a Declaration of Rights, asserting that the sole power of 
taxation resided in the Colonial legislatures, and that the re_ 
strictions imposed upon them by the late acts of Parliament, 
were unjust and burdensome. An address to the King, and a 
petition to each house of Parliament were adopted. 

Subsequently, on the 4th day of September, 1774, a con- 
gress of delegates from all the Colonies excepting Georgia, as- 
sembled at Philadelphia, "with authority and direction to meet 
and consult together for the common welfiire." Thus was or- 
ganized by the people, acting in their sovereign capacity, the 
first general, or National Government. 

The first, and most important of their acts, was a declara- 
tion, that in determining questions which should arise in this 
Congress, each Colony sJiauld have one vote. They also passed 



20 



THE COLO^'Ix\L GOVEKNMENT. 



a scries of resolutions declaratory of their rights, and ap- 
pointed a committee to examine into their ri-hts and griev- 
ances. 

This Continental Congress was continued during the revolu- 
tionary war, but finally it was superseded by the government 
formed under the Articles of Confederation. It was invested 
by the people with largo discretionary powers, such as super- 
intending the affairs of the Union, organizing an army, regu- 
lating the land and naval forces, issuing bills of credit known 
as Continental money, contracting debts, and otherwise assum- 
ing all the prerogatives of an Independent Soverignty. 





45^^^/ Six 'JjOZt'JiTlS. 

^■5:,, Bcsre-r to rtctwf 
SIX SPANISH MILLED 
DOLLARS, or fhe 

Vrtiueihcr^o/ in Cold 

or .SILVER- dtfcTiiinf- to 
^Rctal\xticn of COV. 
GRESS KuUMat Phi- 
ludelphia. NovZ-ij/G- 







mmm^mms. 




A BILL OF CliLDlT, OU CON ii^. L.ST AL iiO-.LY. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



21 



DECLARATION OF ^DEPENDENCE. 

[On Thursday the 4th day of July, 17T6, Congress being in session in 
the great hall of the venerable State House, located in Independence 
Square, in Philadelphia, Benjamin Harrison of Virginia, reported that 
the committee appointed for that purpose had agreed to a declaration 
which they desired him to present, and which, having been read, was 
agreed to as follows :— ] 

A DECLARATION 

BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN 
CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary 
for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con- 
nected them with another, and to assume, among the powers 
of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws 
of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect 
to the opinions of mankind requires that they should de- 
clare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are 
created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with 
certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, 
and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, deriving their just 
powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any 
form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is 
the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to insti- 
tute a new government, laying its foundation on such princi- 
ples, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall 
seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Pru- 
dence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established, 
should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and ac 
cordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more 
disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right 
themselves by abolishing the forms to which the are accus- 



22 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

tomcd. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, 
pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to re- 
duce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is 
their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new 
guards for their future security. Such has been the patient 
sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity 
vhieh constrains them to alter their former systems of govern- 
ment. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a 
history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in di- 
rect object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over 
these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a can- 
did world : 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate 
and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till 
his assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has 
utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish 
the^right of representation in the legislature ; a right inesti- 
mable^o them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, 
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their pub- 
lie records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compli- 
ance with his measures. 

lie has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for op- 
posing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the 

people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 
cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, 
incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at 
large for their exercise; the state remaining, in the mean 
tim"e, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and 
convulsions within. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 23 

He has endeavorf^d to prevent the population of these 
states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturaliza- 
tion of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their 
migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropria- 
tions of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing 
his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the ten- 
ure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their 
s ilaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their sub- 
stance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, 
without the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and 
superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction 
foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; 
giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation • 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops°among u's ; 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for 
any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of 
these states ; 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial hy 
J^i'T , 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
ofTfinces; 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neign- 
boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government 
and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an ex- 
ample and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute 
rule into these colonies -. 



24 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDANCE. 

For taking away our charters, abolirfhing our most valuable 
laws, aud altering, fundamentally, the powers of our govern^ 
ments ; 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them- 
selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases what-^ 
Boever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out ot 
his protection^ and waging war against us. 

lie has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt ouf 
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mer- 
cenaries to complete the Avarks of death, desolation, and tyr- 
anny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy 
scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally un- 
worthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the 
high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the 
executions of their friends and brethren, or to fall tliemsclves 
by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insun-ections amongst us, and has 
endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the 
merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an 
undistinguished destruction, of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In everv stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for 
redress, in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have 
been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose char- 
acter is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, 
is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Xor have we been wanting in attention to our British breth- 
ren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts 
made by their lecrislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic- 
tion over ns. We have reminded them of the circumstances 
of our emigration and settlement here We have appealed to 
their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 25 

usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections 
and correspondence. They, too, hate been deaf to the voice 
of justice and consanguinity. AVe must, therefore, acquiesce 
in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold 
them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war — in 
peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the Representatives of the UNITED STATES 
OF AMERICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, appeal- 
ing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our 
intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good 
people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That 
these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be. Free and 
Independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance 
to the British crown, and that all political connection between 
them and the State of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally 
dissolved; and that, as FREE AND INDEPENDENT 
ST A TES, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, 
contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts 
and things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do. 
And, for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance 
on the protection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually 
pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred 
honor. 

The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, en- 
grossfid. and signed by the following members : 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

New Hampshire Connecticut. 

JosTAH Bartlett, Roger Sherman, 

William Whipple, Samuel Huntington 

Matthew Thornton. William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 
F.liode Island 
.'^tephen ITopkixs, New York. 

VriLLiAM Ellery, William Floyd, 



26 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Philip Livingston. 
Fkancis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 

New Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Withhrspoon, 
Francis IIopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Penniiilvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymek, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

3Tassac7msctts Bay. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Delaware. 
CAESAR Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 



Marylund. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 
Charles Carroll, of Carroll- 
ton. 

Yirgiula. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jun. 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Heaves, 
John Penn. 

South Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, Jun. 
Thomas Lynch, Jun. 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georpia. 
Button Gwinnent, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



[The original document containing the autographaof these venerated 
patriots, is carefully preserved in a glass case in the rooms of the 3'rtWo;i. 
«/ /;ix;j7M/:e at Washington. Charles Carroll, the last survivor of this 
Qoble band, departed this life In 1S32 at the age of oinety years.] 



COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. 



COLONIAL GOYERMENT 

UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION". 

In July 1775, previous to the Declaration of Independence, 
Dr. Franklin submitted to the consideration of Congress, a 
draft of confederation between the Colonies, but no action there- 
on seems to have been taken. 

On the 11th day of June 1776, it was resolved by Congress, 
that a committee should be appointed, to prepare the form of 
a confederation to be entered into between the Colonies, and 
the next day a committee was appointed, which consisted of 
one member from each Colony. A report was thereafter made, 
and the subject from time to time debated, until the 15th of 
November 1777 when it was finally agreed to. 

These Articles however, were to be submitted to the legisla- 
tures of the States, and would not become conclusive until 
ratified by all the States through their delegates in Congress. 
Maryland for a long time positively refused the ratification, but 
finally was induced to do so, and her delegates signed the arti- 
cles on the 1st of March 1781, more than four years after Con- 
gress had submitted the same to the States. On the 2d of 
March Congress assembled under its new powers. 

[On the 9th of July, 1778, the Articles were signed by the delegates of 
New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Lsland, Connecticut, New 
Yorlc, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and South Carolina. The ratification of 
New York was conditional that all the other States should ratify. 

The delegates from North Carolina signed the Articles on the 21st of 
July, 17T8 ; those of Georgia on the 24th of same month ; those of New 
Jersey. Novembar 26th., 1778 ; those of Delaware, on the 22d. of Febru- 
ary and 5th. of May, 1779 ; and those of Maryland, March 1st., 1781 ] 
27 



28 COLONIAL GOVERNMENT 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION 

Between the States of New Hampshire, Jfassachusetts Bay, Rhode Maud 
and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Penn- 
Hylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Caroli. 
na, and Georgia. 

Art. 1. The style of this confederacy shall be, " The United 
States of America.^'' 

Art. 2. Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and in- 
dependence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is 
not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United 
States in Congress assembled. 

Art. 3. The said States hereby severally enter into a firm 
league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, 
the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general 
welfare, binding themselves to assist each other against all 
force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, 
on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence 
whatever. 

Art. 4. § 1. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual 
friendship and intercourse among the people of the different 
states in this union, the free inhabitants of each of these States, 
— paupcrs,vagabonds,and fugitives from justice excepted— shall 
be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in 
the several States ; and the people of each State shall have free 
ingress and egress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy 
therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the 
same duties, impositions, and restrictions, as the inhabitants 
thereof respectively ; provided, that such restrictions shall not 
extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported in- 
to any State, to any other state, of whidi thp owner is an in- 
habitant ; provided also, that no imposition, duties, or rostric 
tion, shall be laid by any State on the property of the United 
States, or either of them. 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 29 

§2. If any person, guilty of, or charged Avith treason, felony, 
or other high misdemeanor, in any State, shall flee from justice, 
and be found in any of the United States, he shall, upon the 
demand of the Governor or Executive power of the State from 
which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the State having 
jurisdiction of his offence. 

§3. Full faith and credit shall be given, in each of these 
States, to the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the 
courts and magistrates of every other State. 

Art. 5. §1. For the more convenient management of the gen- 
eral interests of the United States, delegates shall be annually 
appointed in such manner as the legislature of each State shall 
direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in November in 
every year, with a power reserved to each State to recall its 
delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to 
send others in their stead, for the remainder of the j'ear. 

i? 2. No State shall be represented in Congress by less than 
two, nor more than seven members ; and no person shall be 
capable of being a delegate for more than three years, in any 
term of six years ; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be 
capable of holding any office under the United States, for which 
he, or any other for his benefit, receives any salary, fees, or 
emolument, of any kind. 

§ 3. Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meet- 
ing of the States, and while they act as members of the com- 
mittee of these States. 

§ 4. In determining questions in the United States in Con- 
gress assembled, each State shall have one vote. 

§ 5. Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not 
be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Con- 
gress, and the members of Congress shall be protected in their 
persons from arrests and imprisonments during the time of 
their going to and from, and attendance on Congress, except 
for treason, felony, or breach of the peace. 

No State, without the consent of the United 



30 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 

States in Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or 
receive any embassy iiom, or enter into any conlereuce, agree- 
ment, alliance, or treaty with any king, prince, or State, nor 
shall any person holding any office of proUt, or trust under the 
United Slates, or any of them, accept ot any present, emolu- 
ment, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, 
prince, or foreign State ; nor shall the United Slates in Con- 
gress assembled, or any of them, grant any title ot nobility. 

i^ 2. Kg two or more States shall enter into any treaty, 
confederation, or alliance whatever, between them, without the 
consent of the United States in Congress assembled, specifying 
accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered 
into, and how long it shall continue. 

§ 3. Xo Slate shall lay any imposts or duties which may 
interfere with any stipulations in treaties entered into by the 
United States, in Congress assembled, with any king, prince, or 
State, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by Con- 
gress to the courts of France and Spain. 

§ 4. No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of ponce 
by any State, except such number only as shall be deemed 
necessary by the Untied States in Congress assembled, for the 
defence of such State, or its trade ; nor shall any body of forces . 
be kept up by any State, in time of peace, except such number 
only as, in the judgment of the United States in Congress as- 
sombled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts neces- 
sary for the defence of such State ; but every State shall alwavs 
keep up a well regulated and diciplinod militia, sufficiently 
armed and aocoutered, and shall provide and constantly have 
ready for use, in public stores, a due numl)er of field-pieces and 
tents, and a proper quantity of arms, amnninition, and camp 
equipage. 

§ 5. Xo State shall engage in any war without the consent 
of the United States in Congress assembled, unless such State 
be actually Invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain 
advice of a resolution being formed bv some nation of Indiana 



ARTICLES OF COKFEDERATION. 31 

to invade such State, and the danger is so imminent as not to 
admit of delay till the United States in Congress assembled 
can be consulted ; nor shall any State grant commissions to 
any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal 
except it be after a declaration of war by the United States in 
Congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or 
State, and the subjects thereof, against which, war has been so 
declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by 
the United States in Congress assembled, unless such State be 
infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be fitted 
out for that occasion, and kept so long asthedanger shall con- 
tinue, or until the United States in Congress assembled shall 
determine otherwise. 

Art. 7. When land forces are raised by any State for the 
common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, 
shall be appointed by the legislature'of each State respectively 
by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as 
such State shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by 
the State which first made the appointment. 

Art. 8. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall 
be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and 
allowed by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be 
defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by 
the several States, in proportion to the value of all land within 
each State, granted to or surveyed for any person, as such land 
and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated, 
according to sucn mode as the United States in Congress as- 
sembled shall, from time to time, direct and appoint. The taxes 
for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the au- 
thority and direction of the legislatures of the several States 
within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress 
assembled. 

Art. 9. § 1. The United States in Congress assembled shall 
have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on 
peace and war, except in Ih? ca:es mentioned in the ?ixth Ar- 



^2 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 

ticlo, of sending and receiving ambassadors ; entering into 
treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce 
shall be made, whereby the legislative power of the respective 
States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and du- 
ties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from 
prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of 
goods or commodities whatsoever; of establishing rules for 
deciding in all cases what captures on land or water shall be 
legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces 
in the service of the United States shall be divided or appro- 
priated ; of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of 
peace ; appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies 
committed on the high seas ; and establishing courts for receiv- 
ing and determining finally appeals in all cases of capture ; 
provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge 
of any of the said courts. 

§ 2. The United States in Congress assembled shall also 
be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now 
subsisting, or that may hereafter arise between two or more 
States concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause 
whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the 
manner following : Whenever the legislative or executive au- 
tliority or lawful agent of any State in controversy with another, 
sliall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in ques- 
tion, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given 
by order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority 
of the other State in controversy, and a day assigned for the 
appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall 
then be directed to appoint, by joint consent, commissioners 
or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the 
matter in question ; but if they cannot agrcv, Congress shall 
name three persons out of each of the United States, and from 
the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out 
one, the petioners beginning, until the number sliall be reduced 
to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven, nor 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 33 

more than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the 
presence of Congress, be di-awn out by lot ; and the persons 
whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be 
commissioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the 
controversy, so always as a major part of the judges, who shall 
hear the cause, shall agree in the determination : and if either 
party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without 
showing reasons which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being 
present, shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to 
nominate three persons out of each State, and the secretary of 
Congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing ; 
and the judgment and sentence of the court, to be appointed 
in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive ; 
and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority 
of such court, or to appear or defend their claim or cause, the 
court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence, or 
judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive • 
the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either 
case transmitted to Congress, and lodged among the acts of 
Congress, for the security of the parties concerned : provided, 
that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take 
anoath,to be administeredbyoneof the judges of the Supreme 
or Superior court of the State where the cause shall be tried, 
" well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, 
according to the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, 
or hope of reward." Provided, also, that no State shall be de- 
prived of territory for the benefit of the United States. 

§ 3. All controversies concerning the private right of soil 
claimed under different grants of two or more States, whose 
jurisdiction, as they may respect such lands, and the States 
which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either 
of them being at the same time claimed to have originated an- 
tecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall, on the peti- 
tion of either party to the Congress of the United States, be 
finally determined, as near as may be, in the same manner as 
3 



84 ARTICLES OF CONFEDEEATIOH. 

is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial 
jurisdiction between different States. 

8 4. The United States in Congress assembled shall also 
have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the 
alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by 
that of the respective States ; fixing the standard of weights 
and measures throughout the United States ; regulating the 
trade, and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members 
of any of the States ; provided that the legislative rights of any 
State, within its own limits, be not infringed or violated ; es- 
tablishing and regulating post offices from one State to anoth- 
er throughout all the United States, and exacting such post- 
age on the papers passing through the same, as maybe requi- 
site to defray the expenses of the said office ; appointing all 
officers of the land forces in the service of the United States, 
excepting regimental officers ; appointing all the officers of the 
naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the 
service of the United States ; maldng rules for the government 
and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing 
their operations. 

§ 5. The United States in Congress assembled shall have 
authority to appoint a committee to sit in the recpss of Con- 
gress, to be denominated, " A Committee of the States,'' and 
to consist of one delegate from each State ; and to appoint 
such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary 
for managing the general affairs of the United States under 
their direction ; to appoint one of their number to preside-, 
provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of 
Tresident more than one year in any term of three years; to 
ascertain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the 
service of the United States, and to appropriate and apply the 
same for defraying the public expenses ; to borrow money or 
emit bills on the credit of the United States, transmitting ev- 
ery half-year to the respective States an account of the sums 
of money so borrowed or emitted ; to build and equip a navy ; 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION-. 35 

to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requi- 
sitions from each State for its quota, in proportion to the num- 
ber of white inhabitants in such State, which requisition shall 
be binding ; and thereupon the legislature of each State shall 
appoint the regimental officers, raise the men, clothe, arm, and 
equip them, in a soldier-like manner, at the expense of the 
United States ; and the officers and men so clothed, armed, 
and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and M'ithin 
the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assem- 
bled; but it the United States in Congress assembled shall, 
on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any State 
should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than 
its quota, and that any other State should raise a greater 
number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number 
shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped in the 
same manner as the quota of such State, unless the legislature 
of such State shall judge that such extra number cannot be 
safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise, 
officer, clothe, arm, and equip, as many of such extra number 
as they judge can be safely spared, and the officers and men 
so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place ap- 
pointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States 
in Congress assembled. 

§ 6. The United States in Congress assembled shall never 
engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in 
time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin 
money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums 
and expenses necessary for the defence and welfare of the 
United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow mon- 
ey on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money, 
nor agree upon the number of vessels of w^ar to be built or 
purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, 
nor appoint a commander-in-chief of the army or navy, unless 
nine States assent to the same : nor shall a question on any 



86 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 

Other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be deter- 
mined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United States 
in Congress assembled. 

^ 7. The Congress of the United States shall have power 
to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place with- 
in the United States, so that no period of adjournment be for 
a longer duration than the space of six months, and shall pub- 
lish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts 
thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or military operations, 
as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays 
of the delegates of each State, on any question, shall be enter- 
ed on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate ; and the 
delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request, 
shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except 
such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures 
of the several States. 

Art. 10. The committee of the States, or any nine of them, 
shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such 
of the powers of Congress as the United States, m Congress 
assembled, by the consent of nine States, shall, from time to 
time, think expedient to vest them with ; provided that no 
power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise of 
which, by the Articles of Confederation, the voice of nine States, 
in the Congress of the United States assembled, is requisite. 

Art. 11. Canada acceding to this confederation, and join- 
ing in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted 
into and entitled to all the advantages of this Union: But no 
other colony shall be admitted into tho same, unless such ad- 
mission be agreed to by nine States. 

Art. 12. All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and 
debts contracted by or under the authority of Congress, before 
the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the pres- 
ent confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge 
^gaiust the United States, fur payment and satisfaction where- 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 37 

of the said United States and the public faith are hereby sol- 
emnly pledged. 

Art. 13. Every State shall abide by the determination of 
the United States in Congress assembled, in all questions which 
by this confederation are submitted to them. And the Arti- 
cles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every 
State, and the Union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any altera- 
tion at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless 
such alteration be agreed to in a Congress <5f"the United States, 
and be afterwards confirmed by the legislature of every State. 

And whereas it hath pleased the great Governor of the world, 
to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively repre- 
sent in Congress to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify 
the said xirticlcs of Confederation and Perpetual Union, Know 
ye, that we, the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power 
and authority to us given for that purpose, do by these pres- 
ents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, 
fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said 
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, and all and 
singular the matters and thmgs therein contained. And we 
do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respec- 
tive constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations 
of the United States in Congress assembled, in all questions 
which by the said confederation are submitted to them ; and 
that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the 
States we respectively represent, and that the union shall be 
perpetual. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our 
hands in Congress. 

Done at Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, the 9th 
day of July, in the year of our Lord 17Y8, and in the third 
year of the Independence of America. 

Kew HampsTdre 2fassachusetts Bay 

JosiAH Bartlett, Johx Hancock, 

John Wentworth, jun. Samuel Adams, 



38 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 



Elbribge Gerry, 
Francis Dana, 
James Lovel, 
Samuel IIolten-. 

Ehodc Inland. 
"William Ellert, 
Henry Marcuant, 
JouN Collins. 

Connecticut. 
EoGER Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
Oliver Wolcott, 
Titus Hosmer, 
Andrew Adams. 

New York. 
James Duane, 
Tra. Leavis, 
William Duer, 
Gouv. Morris. 

New Jersey. 
Jno. Witherspoon, 
Nath. Scudder. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Daniel Rocerdeau, 
JoNA Bayard Smith, 
William Clingan, 
Joseph Reed. 



Delaware. 
Thomas M'Keax, 
John Dickinson, 
Nicholas Van Dyke. 
&c. Maryland. 

John Hanson, 
Daniel Carroll. 

Virginia. 
Richard Henry Lee, 
John Banister, 
Thomas Adams, 
Jno. Harvie, 
Francis Lightfoot Lee. 

North Carolina. 
John Penn, 
Cons. Harnett, 
Jno. Williams. 

South Carolina. 
Henry Laurens, 
Wm. Henry Drayton, 
Jno. Matthews, 
Richard Hutson, 
Tuos. Heyward, jun. 

Georgia. 
Jno. Walton, 
Edward Telfair, 
Edward Langworthy. 



BERIOUS DEFECTS IN THIS FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 39 

SERIOUS DEFECTS H THIS FORM 
OF GOVERNMENT. 

This confederation was formed in time of war, and under 
very unfavorable circumstances in many respects, lience upon 
trial, it soon became evident that the powers conferred upon 
the Continental Congress were inadequate to the legitimate 
objects of an effective national government. More especially 
was this manifested, when it became necessary to legislate 
upon matters relating to commerce and taxes. 

There was a want of, or dcficieyicy of coercive power in Congress. 
It had not the exclusive power to regulate commerce, to issue 
paper money, or to enforce the laws made, the rules adopted, 
or the orders given, and even several of the States began 
to exercise the sovereign, and absolute right of treating the 
recommendations of Congress with contempt. 

By this political compact, the United States in Congress 
assembled had rights and powers, loithout being able to enforce 
them. 

Another defect was in the mode of representation, which, 
before the adoption of the Constitution gave to each State an 
equal share ofpoioer^ although some were ten times as impor- 
tant as others in population and value of property. The 
States had each an equal voice and share in the Union. The 
small State of Delaware for instance, had an equal vote and 
an equal influence in the National Council with Virginia, 
although Virginia had to pay for the support of the govern- 
ment, by reason of the number of its inhabitants and value of 
its property, nearly twelve times as much as Delaware. 

The population of Delaware at this time was about 50,000 
and its quota of taxes in requisition of Congress was $33,475, 
while Virginia had a population of 650,000 and its quota of 
taxes was $371,136. So also Rhode Island had a population 
of only 59,670, and her quota of taxes was only 46,704, while 
Massachusetts had a population of about 400,000, and her 
quota of taxes was $334,746, and yet their representatives and 
power in Congress were equal 



40 EEPRESENTATION UNDER CONFEDERATION. 

EEPEESENTATIYE TABLE. 

IN 1787, UNDER CONFEDERATION. 







Quota of taxes 


Mean 


Number 




Population. 


in n^quisition 


proportion 


allowed 






of Congress. 


of votes. 


in 1787. 


New Hampshire, 


150,000 


f76.288 


3 




klassachusctts. 


400,000 


324,743 


u 




:iho(ie Island, 


59,670 


46,764 


2 




Connecticut, 


192,000 


191,133 


6 




New York, 


250.000 


185,567 


7 




New Jersey, 


150,000 


120,619 


4 




Pennsylvania, 


300,000 


296,903 


9 




Delaware, 


50,000 


32,475 


1 




Maryland, 


320,000 


204,775 


7 




Virginia, 


650,000 


371,136 


14 




North Carolina, 


300,000 


157,732 


6 




South Carolina, 


225,000 


139,01T 


5 




Georgia, 


56,CX^) 


2;!.2S8 


1 





The original articles of confederation -were found to bo 
insufficient, and ineffectual in many other important particu- 
lars. Public credit could not be supported, collection of 
taxes could not be enforced, alliances could not be obtained, 
nor treaties preserved, and what was still more defective, hos- 
tilities between the States could not be prevented, nor insur- 
rections among citizens. 

In the spring of 1737 the nation seemed to be on the verge 
of bankruptcy. Congress had previously made a requisition 
upon the several States, for money to support, and carry on 
the government but only a few had responded. New York 
had paid more thanherquota, Pennsylvania nearlyall of hers, 
Connecticut and Delaware about one third of their quota, but 
many had paid comparatively nothing. The interest both on 
the foreign and domestic debt was rapidly accumulating. 

The receipts of money paid into the federal treasury from 
Nov. 1st, 1781, to Nov. 1st, 1784, a period of three years was 
only §2,0,25,089.31 or about §042,000 per annum. For three 
years previous to 1787, the whole amount in specie paid into 
the federal treasury, did not exceed §1,400,000, being a little 
more than §400,000 per annum. The amount paid in, on these 
requisitions to carry on the government in 178G, was less than 
$200,000, and this came from two or three States ; thus the 
receipts of the treasury were constantly decreasing, while thQ 
expenditures were increasing. 



THE FOREIGN DEBT. 41 

The foreign debt at this time was $7,000,000 and the interest 
coming due, and to be paid the early part of 1787, was as fol- 
lows. 

Interest on loans of the King of France, $340,740 
" " Spanish loans about 48,000 

" «« Dutch *' *' 260,000 

*» Certificates and foreign ofBcers 22,000 

In addition, there would fall due on principal sum and 
interest, payable during the year 1787, on French and Dutch 
loans, more than $1,000,000, makingin the aggregate $1,600,000 
to pay in 1787, and about $1,000,000 annually thereafter,(on an 
average) for the next ten years on said loans, and then about 
$300,000 annually, for the next ten years thereafter. In addi- 
tion to this, there was a large domestic debt, upon which inter- 
est was accruing, and the indebtedness increasing. 

This was indeed a dark hour for the new Republic. Congress 
was powerless ; she could make requisitions on the several 
States, but could not compel the payment of a farthing. " The 
Great Crisis had arrived when the people of these United 
States, by whose will, and for whose benefit, the federal gov- 
ernment was instituted had to decide whether they would 
support their rank as a nation by maintaining the Public 
Faith at home and abroad, or whether for want of a timely 
exertion in establishing a General Revenue, and thereby 
giving strength to the confederacy, they would hazard not 
only the existence of the Union, but of those great and 
invaluable privileges, for which they have so arduously and so 
honorably contended." 

Previous to this General "Washington had addressed his cir- 
cular letter to the Governors of the several States, urging 
them in the strongest language to comply with the requisition 
of Congress, and to preserve the public credit. Many of the 
States had attempted to do this, but they were impoverished 
by the continued drain on the people. The war had been 
long and expensive, the entire cost being estimated at one hun- 
dred and thirty viilUons of dollars^ exclusive of certain losses of 
forty ndllmis more. 

By reason of this state of afiairs in Febuary 1787 a resolution 
was offered in Congress, that on the second Monday of May fol- 



42 CONVENTION OF DELEGATES. 

lowing, a convention of delegates, who should be appointed by 
the several States be held at Philadelphia, for the sole pur- 
150se of revising the Artieles of Confederation, and reporting 
to Congress, and the several legislatures, such alterations and 
provisions therein, as the exigencies of the government 
required. 

In May 17S7, the delegates from all the States presented 
themselves, excepting from New Hampshire and Rhode Island. 
They were not represented. Washington was chosen presi- 
dent of the convention, and for upwards of four months it 
continued with closed doors, and it was not till August 6tli, 
1787, that the committee which had been appointed for that 
purpose reported a rough draft of the constitution, and finally 
on the 15th of September 1787, after a warm and lengthy 
debate, and after many amendments and revisions, a Constitu- 
tion was adopted. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE MFTED STATES. 



ARTICLE I. 

Section 1. Legislative powers ; in whom vested. 

Sec. 2. House of Representatives, liow and by wiiom chosen — 
Qualifications of a Representative — Representatives and direct 
taxes, how apportioned — Census — Vacancies to be filled — Power 
of choosing officers, and of impeachment. 

Sec. 3. Senators, how and by whom chossn — How classified — 
State Executive to make temporary appointments, in case, etc.— 
Qualifications of a Senator — President of the Senate, his right 
to vote — President pro tern., and other officers of Senate, liow 
chosen — Power to try impeachments — When President is tried, 
Chief Justice to preside — Sentence. 

Sec. 4. Times, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed —One 
Session in eacli year. 

Sec. 5. Membership — Quorum— Adjournments— Rules— Power 
to punish or expel — Journal — Time of adjournments limited, 
unless, etc. 

Sec. 6. Compensation — Privileges — Disqualification in certain 



Sec. 7. House to originate all revenue bills— Veto — Bill may 
be passed by two-thirds of each house, notwithstanding, etc.— 
Bill not returned in ten days — Provision as to all orders, etc., 
except, etc. 

Sec. 8. Powers of Congress. 

Sec. 9. Provision as to migration or importation of certain per- 
sons — Habeas Corpiis — Bills of attainder, etc.— Taxes, how appor- 
tioned — No export duty — No commercial preferences — No 
money drawn from treasury, unless, etc. —No titular nobility — 
Officers not to receive presents, unless, etc. 

Sec. 10. States prohibited from the exercise of certain powers. 
43 



44 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section 1. President; his term of office — Electors of Presi- 
dent; number and liow appointed — Electors to vote on same 
day — Qualiflcation of President — on whom his duties devolve in 
case of his removal, death, etc. — President's compensation — 
His oath. 

Sec. 2. President to be commander-in-chief — He may require 
opinion of, etc., and may pardon — Treaty-making power — Nomi- 
nation of certain officers —When President may fill vacancies. 

Sec. 3. President shall communicate to Congress — He may 
convene and adjourn Congress, in case, etc. ; shall receive am- 
bassadors, execute laws, and commission officers. 

Sec. 4. All civil offices forfeited for certain crimes. 

ARTICLE HI. 

Section 1. Judicial power — Tenure — Compensation. 

Sec. 2. Judicial power; to what cases it extends — Original 
jurisdiction of Supreme Court — Appellate —Trial by jury, except, 
etc. — Trial, where. 

Sec. 3. Treason defined — Proof of —Punishment of. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section 1. Each State to give credit to the public acts, etc., of 
every other State. 

Sec. 2. Privileges of citizens of each State — Fugitives from 
justice to be delivered up— Persons held to service having 
escaped, to be delivered up. 

Sec. 3. Admission of new States— Power of Congress over ter- 
ritory and other property. 

Sec. 4. Republican form of government guaranteed — Each 
State to be protected. 

ARTICLE V. 
Constitution ; how amended --Proviso. 

ARTICLE VI. 
Certain debts, etc., adopted — Supremacy of Constitution, 
treaties, and laws of the United States — Oath to support Consti- 
tution, by whom taken — No religious test. 

ARTICLE VII. 

What ratification shall establish Constitution. 



COKSTITUTIOIJ OF THE UNITED STATES. 45 

AMENDMENTS. 
I. Religious establishment prohibited— Freedom of speech, 

of the press, and right to petition. 
IT. Right to keep and bear arras. 

III. No soldier to be quartered in any house, unless, etc. 

IV. Right of search and seizure regulated. 

V. Provisions concerning prosecution, trial and punishment 
—Private property not to be taken for public use, with- 
out, etc. 
VI. Further provision respecting criminal prosecutions. 
"VII. Right of trial by jury secured. 
Vni. Excessive bail or fines and cruel punishments prohibited. 
IX. Rule of construction. 
X. Same subject. 
XI. Same subject. 
XII. Manner of choosing President and Vice-President. 

XIII. Slavery abolished. 

XIV. Citizenship. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to fonn a 
more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- 
quillity, provide for the common defense, promote the 
general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to 
ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
conetitution for the United States of America. 



ARTICLE I. 

Section 1. 
1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested 
in a congress of the United States, which shall consist of 
a senate and house of repcesentatives. 

Section 2. 
1. The house of representatives shall be composed of 
members chosen every second year by the people of the 
several states ; and the electors in each state shall have 
the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numer- 
ous branch of the state legislature. 



46 C01^STITUTI02q" OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2. No person shall be a representative ttIio shall not 
|iave attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been 
seven years a citizen of tlie United States, and who shall 
not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which 
he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned 
among the several states which may bo included within 
this Union, according to their respective numbers, which 
shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free 
persons, including those bound to service for a term of 
years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made 
within three years after the first meeting of the congress 
of the United States, and within every subsequent term of 
ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. 
The number of representatives shall not exceed one for 
every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least 
one representative ; and until such enumeration shall bo 
made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to 
choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and 
Providence Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New- York, 
six ; New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Delaware, 
one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina five ; 
South Carolina, five ; and Georgia, three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from 
any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs 
of election to fill such vacancies. 

5. The house of representatives shall choose their 
speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power 
of impeachment. 

Section 3. 

1. The senate of the United States shall be composed of 
two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature 
thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall bo assembled in conse- 



COKSTITUTIOK OF THE UKITED STATES. 47 

quence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally 
as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of 
the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the 
second year, of the second class at the expiration of the 
fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the 
sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second 
year ; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, 
during the recess of the legislature of any state, the exec- 
utive thereof may make temporary appointments until 
the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill 
such vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have 
attained the age of thirty years, and been nine years a 
citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall 
be chosen. 

4. The vice-president of the United States shall be 
president of the senate, but shall have no vote unless 
they be equally divided. 

5. The senate shall choose their other officers, and also a 
president pro tempore in the absence of the vice-president, 
or when he shall exercise the office of president of the 
United States. 

6. The senate shall have the sole power to try all im- 
peachments. Wlien sitting for that purpose, they shall bo 
on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United 
States is tried, the chief justice shall preside; and no per- 
son shall be convicted without the concurrence of two- 
thirds of the members present. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend 
further than to removal from office, and disqualification to 
hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under 
the United States ; but the party convicted shall, never- 
theless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg- 
ment and punishment, according to law. 



48 COI^STITUTIOK OF THE TKITED STATES. 

Section 4. 

1. The times, places and manner of holding elections 
for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in 
each state by the legislature thereof; but the congress 
may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, 
except as to the place of choosing senators. 

2. The congress shall assemble at least once in every 
year ; and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in 
December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 

Section 5. 

1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, 
returns and qualifications of its own members, and a 
majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; 
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent 
members, in such manner and under such Denalties as 
each house may provide. 

2. Each house may determine the rule of its proceed- 
ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with 
the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, 
and from time to time publish the same, excepting such 
parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and the 
yeas and nays of the members of either house on any 
question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, 
be entered on the journal. 

4. Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, 
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than 
three days, nor to any other place than that in which the 
two houses shall be sitting. 

Section G. 
1. The senators and representatives shall receive a com- 
pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and 



CONSTITUTION or THE UNITED STATES, 49 

paid out of the treasury of the United States, They shall, 
in all cases except treason, felony and breach of the peace, 
be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the 
session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in. 
either house they shall not be questioned in any other 
place, 

2. No senator or representative shall, during the time 
for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office 
under the authority of the United States, which shall 
have been created, or the emoluments wherof shall have 
been increased, during such time ; and no person holding 
any office under the United States shall be a member of 
either house during his continuance in office. 

Section 7. 

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
house of representatives ; but the senate may propose or 
concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2, Every bill which shall have passed the house of repre- 
sentatives and the senate shall, before it becomes a law, 
be presented to the president of the United States ; if ho 
approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, 
with his objections, to that house in which it shall have 
originated ; who shall enter the objections at large onthei? 
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recon- 
sideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the 
bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 
other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; 
and, if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall be- 
come a law. But in all cases, the votes of both houses 
shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of 
the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
on the journal of each house repectively. If any bill shall 
not be returned by tl\e president within ten days (Sundays 
excepted) after it shall hav^ been presented to him, th^ 

i 



50 coxsTiTrTio:sr of the united states. 

same sliall be a law in like manner as if lie had signed it, 
nnles3 the congress, by their adjournment, prevent its 
return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution or vote, to which the concur- 
rence of the senate and house of representatives may bo 
necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall bo 
presented to the president of the United States ; and, 
before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by 
him ; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by 
two-thirds of the senate and house of representatives, 
according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the 
case of a bill. 

Section 8. 

The congress shall have power : 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ; 
to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and 
general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- 
posts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States. 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
the several states, and with the Indian tribes. 

4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and 
uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout 
the United States. 

5. To coin money, regulate tho value thereof, and of 
foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures. 

G. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 
securities and current coin of the United States. 

7. To establish post-ollices and post-roads. 

8. To promote tho progress of science and useful arts, 
by securing for limited times, to authors and inventors, tho 
exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court ; 
to define and punish piracies and felonies committed on 
the high seas, and offenses against tho law of nations. 



COIsSTITUTIOl^ OF THE U:JnTED STATES. 51 

10. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 
and make rules concerning captures on land and water. 

11. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation 
of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two 
years. 

12. To provide and maintain a navy. 

13. To make rules for the government and regulation of 
the land and naval forces. 

14. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute 
the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel 
invasions. 

15. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining 
the militia, and for governing such part of them as may 
be employed in the service of the United States; reserv- 
ing to the states respectively the appointment of the offi- 
cers and the authority of training the militia according to 
the discipline prescribed by congress. 

16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatso- 
ever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as 
may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance 
of congress, become the seat of government of the United 
States ; .and to exercise like authority over all places pur- 
chased, by the consent of the legislature of the state in 
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, maga- 
zines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings ; and 

17. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper 
for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all 
other powers vested by this constitution in the government 
of the United States, or in any department or officer 
thereof. 

Section 9. 

1. The migration or importation of such persons as any 

of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, 

shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year 

one thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty 



52 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

may be imposed on sucli importation not exceeding ten 
dollars for eacli person, 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not 
be suspended, unless ■when, in cases of rebellion or inva- 
sion, the public safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law shall bo 
passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless 
in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before 
directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on any articles exported 
from any state. No preference shall be given by any regu- 
lation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state 
over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from 
one state be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. 

G. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in 
consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular 
statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of 
all public money shall be published from time to time. 

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United 
States ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust 
under them shall, without the consent of the congress, ac- 
cept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind 
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

Section 10. 

1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance or con- 
federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin 
money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and 
silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of 
attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation 
of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. 

3. No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay 
any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what 
may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection 
laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 53 

by any state on imports or exports shall be for the use of 

the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall 
be subject to the revision and control of the congress. No 
state shall, -without the consent of the congress, lay any 
duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of 
peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another 
state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless 
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not 
admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 
Section 1. 

1. The executive power shall be vested in a president of 
the United States of America. He shall hold his office 
during the term of four years ; and, together with the vice- 
president chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 

2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legis- 
lature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to 
the whole number of senators and representatives to which 
the state may be entitled in the congress ; but no senator 
or representative, or person holding an office of trust or 
profit under the United States, shall be appointed an 
elector. 

3. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and 
vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall 
not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. 
And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and 
of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government 
of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. 
The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the 
senate and house of representatives, open all the certifi- 
cates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person 
having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of 
electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who 



54 C0KSTITUTI02T OF THE U^^ITED STATES. 

have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, 
then the house of representatives shall immediately choose, 
by ballot, one of them for president ; and if no person have 
a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said 
house shall, in like manner, choose the president. But in 
choosing the president, the vote shall be taken by states, 
the representation from each state having one vote ; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- 
bers from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all 
the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, 
after the choice of the president, the person having the 
greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the vice- 
president. But if there should remain two or more who 
have equal votes, the senate shall choose from them, by 
ballot, the vice-president. 

4. The congress may determine the time of choosing the 
electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, 
which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 

5. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen 
of the United States at the time of the adoption of this 
constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; 
neither shall any person be eligible to that office who 
shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and 
been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

G. In case of the removal of the president from office, or 
of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the pow- 
ers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on 
the vice-president ; and the congress may, by law, provide 
for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, 
both of the president and vice-president, declaring what 
officer shall then act as president ; and such officer shall 
act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a presi- 
dent shall be elected. 

7. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his 
services a compensation which shall neither be increased 
nor diminished during the period for which he shall 



COKSTITUTIOi^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 55 

have been elected ; and lie shall not receive within that 
period any other emolument from the United States, or 
any of them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his ofHce, he shall 
take the following oath of affirmation : 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
execute the office of president of the United States ; and 
will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend 
the constitution of the United States," 

Section 2. 

1. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the 
army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of 
the several states, when called into the actual service of 
the United States. He may require the opinion, in writing, 
of the principal officer in each of the executive depart- 
ments, ui^on any subject relating to the duties of their 
respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant re- 
prieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, 
except in cases of impeachment, 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and 
consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two- 
thirds of the senators present occur ; and he shall nomi- 
nate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate 
shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers and 
consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers 
of the United States whose appointments are not herein 
otherwise pi*ovided for, and which shall be established by 
law. But the congress may, by law, vest the appointment 
of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the 
president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of 
departments. 

3. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies 
that may happen during the recess of the senate, by 
granting commissions which shall expire at the end of 
their next session. 



56 COXSTITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Section 3. 

1. He shall, from time to time, give to the congress 
information of the state of the Union, and recommend to 
their consideration such measures as he shall judge neces- 
Bary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occasions, 
convene both houses, or either of them ; and in case of 
disagreement between them, with respect to the time of 
adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he 
shall think proper. He shall receive ambassadors and 
other public ministers. He shall take care that the laws 
be faithfully executed ; and shall commission all the 
officers of the United States. 

Section 4. 

1. The president, vice-president and all civil officers of 
the United States, shall be removed from office on im- 
peachment for, and conviction of treason, bribery or other 
high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 
Section 1. 

1. The judicial power of the United States shall be 
vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as 
the congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. 
The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall 
hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at 
Btated times, receive for their services a compensation, 
which shall not be diminished during their continuance 
in office. 

Section 2. 

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and 
equity arising under this constitution, the laws of the 
United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, 
under their authority ; to all cases affi^cting ambassadors, 
other public ministers and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty 



COySTITUTIOK OP THE UN'ITED STATES. 57 

and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to whicli tlie 
United States sliall be a party ; to controversies between 
two or more states; between a state and citizens of 
anotlier state ; between citizens of different states, between 
citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of 
different states, and between a state, or the citizens 
thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- 
ters and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, 
the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all 
the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall 
have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with 
such exceptions and under such regulations as the con- 
gress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- 
ment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the 
state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; 
but when not committed within any state, the trial shall 
be at such place or places as the congress may by law- 
have directed. 

Section 3. 

1. Treason against the United States shall consist only 
in levying war against them or in adhering to their ene- 
mies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be 
convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two wit- 
nesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2. The congress shall have power to declare the punish- 
ment of treason ; but no attainder of treason shall work 
corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life 
of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 
Section 1. 
1. Full faith and credit shall be given m each state to 
the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every 



58 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

other state ; and the confxrcss may, bj general laws, pre- 
scribe the manner in which such acts, records and pro- 
ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section 3. 

1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all 
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 

2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony or 
other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in 
another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority 
of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be 
removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one state under 
the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in conse- 
quence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged 
from such service or labor ; but shall be delivered up on 
claim of the party to whom such service or labor may 
be due. 

Section 3. 

1. New states maybe admitted by the congress into this 
Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within 
the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed 
by the junction of two or more states or parts of states, 
without the consent of the legislatures of the states con- 
cerned, as well as of the congress. 

2. The congress shall have power to dispose of, and 
make all needful rules and regulations respecting, the ter- 
ritory or other property belonging to the United States ; 
and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to 
prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any par- 
ticular state. 

Section 4. 
1. The United States shall guarantee to every state in 
this Union a reput)lican form of government, and shall 
protect each of them against invasion ; and, on application 



COKSTITUTIOIT OF THE UNITED STATES. 59 

of the legislature, or of tlie executive (when the legisla- 
ture cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 
1. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses 
shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this 
constitution ; or, on the application of the legislatures of 
two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for 
proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be 
valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitu- 
tion, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of 
the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths 
thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may 
be proposed by the congress ; provided that no amendment, 
which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight 
hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and 
fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and 
that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its 
equal suffrage in the senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into 
before the adoption of this constitution shall be as valid 
against the United States under this constitution, as under 
the confederation. 

2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States 
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the 
United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and 
the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any 
thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the con- 
trary notwithstanding. 

3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, 
and the members of the several state legislatures, and all 
executive and judicial oflBcers, both of the United States 
and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affix* 



60 COXSTITUTIOiq" OF THE UNITED STATES. 

mation to support tliis constitution ; but no religious test 
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or 
public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 
1. The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall 
be sufficient for the establishment of this constitution 
between the states so ratifying the same. 
• Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states 
present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year 
of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
seven, and of the Independence of the United States of 
America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have 
hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
President, aiid Deputy from Virginia. 

AITENDIIEXTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

[The following amendments were proposed at the first 
session of the first congress of the United States, which 
was begun and held at the city of New York on the 4th 
of March, 1789, and were adopted by the requisite number 
of states. Laws of the U. S., vol. 1, page 82.] 

[The following preamble and resolution preceded the 
original proposition of the amendments, and as they have 
been supposed by a high equity judge (8th Wendell's 
Reports, p. 100) to have an important bearing on the con- 
struction of those amendments, they are here inserted. 
They will be found in the journals of the first session of 
he first congress. 

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Begun and held at the city of Neio York, on Wednesday, the 

Hh day of March, 1789. 

The conventions of a number of the states having, at 

the time of their adopting the constitution, expressed a 

desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its 



COI?'STITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. 61 

powers, that furtlier declaratory and restrictive clauses 
Bliould be added, and as extending the ground of public 
confidence in tlie government will best insure tlie benefi- 
cent ends of its institution : 

Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America, in congress assembled, two-thirds of 
both houses concurring, that the following articles be proposed 
to the legislatures of the several states, as amendments to the 
constitution of the United States ; all or any of which articles, 
when ratified by three-fourths of the said legislatures, to be 
valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said constitution, 
namely :] 

ARTICLE I. 
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment 
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or 
abridging the freedom of speech or of the press ; or the 
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition 
the government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 
A well regulated militia being necessary to the security 
of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear 
arms shall not be infringed, 

ARTICLE in. 
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war 
but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, paper and effects, against unreasonable searches 
and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall 
issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirm- 
ation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, 
and the persons or things to be seized. 



62 OONSTITUTIOi^ OF THE Ui?-ITED STATES, 

ARTICLE V. 

Ko person sliall be held to answer for a capital or other- 
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment 
of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval 
forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of 
war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for 
the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; 
nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness 
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, 
without due process cf law ; nor shall private property bo 
taken for public use without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused sliall enjoy the 
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of 
the state and district wherein the crime shall have been 
committed, which district shall have been previously ascer- 
tained by law ; and to be informed of the nature and cause 
of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses 
against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining 
witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of coun- 
sel for his defense. 

ARTICLE VII. 

In puits at common law, where the value in controversy 
Fhall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall 
be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be other- 
wise re-examined in any court of the United States, than 
according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 



COKSTITUTIOH OF THE Ui^^ITED STATES. 63 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in tlio constitution of certain rights 
sliall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained 
by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
constitution, nor prohibited to it by the states, are reserved 
to the states respectively, or to the people. 

[The following amendment was proposed at the second 
session of the third congress. It is printed in the Lawa 
of the United States, vol. l,p. 73, as article 11.] 

ARTICLE XL 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced 
or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens 
of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign 
state. 

[The three following sections were proposed as amend- 
ments at the first session of the eighth congress. They 
are printed in the Laws of the United States as article 13.J 

ARTICLE XIL 
1 The electors shall meet in their respective states, and 
vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of v/hom 
at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with 
themselves. They shall name in their ballots the person 
voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person 
voted for as vice-president ; and they shall make distinct 
lists of all pe.rsons voted for as president, and of all per- 
sons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of 
votes for each ; which lists they shall sign and certify, and 
transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
States, directed to the president of the senate. The presi- 



64 CONSTITUTIO:^' OF THE UNITED STATES. 

dent of tlie senate shall, in the presence of the senate and 
house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the 
votes shall then be counted. The person having the 
greatest number of votes for president shall be the presi- 
dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number 
of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, 
then from the persons having the highest numbers, not 
exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, 
the house of representatives shall choose immediately, by 
ballot, the president. But in choosing the j^resident, the 
votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each 
Btate having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall 
consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the 
ctates, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary 
to a choice. And if the house of representatives shall not 
choose a president, whenever the right of choice shall 
devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next 
following, then the vice-president shall act as president, 
as in the case of the death or other constitutional disa- 
bility of the president. 

2. The person having the greatest number of votes as 
vice-president shall be the vice-president, if such number 
be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, 
and if no person have a majority, then from the two high- 
est numbers on the list the senate shall choose the vice- 
president. A quorum for the purpose shall consist of 
two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a major- 
ity of tlic whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office 
of president shall be eligible to that of vice-president of 
the United States. 

ARTICLE XIII. 
Secttox 1. 
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
puuisliment for crime, whereof the party shall have been 



COis'STITUTIOi^r OP THE UKITED STATES. 65 

•duly convicted, Bliall exist within the United States, or 
any place subject to tiieir jurisdiction. 

Section 2. 
Congress sliall liave power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. 



The following is tlie certificate of tlie secretary of state 
of the United States, announcing the ratification of the 
foregoing article : 
William H. Seward, Sccretar]) of State of the United States : 

To ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS MAY COMB, GREETING: 

Know Ye, That, whereas the congress of the United States, 
on the first of February last, passed a resolution, which is in the 
words following, namely: "A Resolution submitting to the 
legislatures of the several states a proposition to amend tha 
constitution of the United States. 

"■ Resol.vecl., By the senate and house of representatives of the 
United States of America in congress assembled (two-thirds of 
both houses concurring), that the following ai'ticle be proposed 
to the legislatures of the several states as an amendment to the 
constitution of the United States, v/hich, when ratified by three- 
fourths of said legislatures, shall be Aalid, to all intents and pur- 
poses, as apart of the said constitution, namely." 
(See Article XIII, above.) 

And whereas it appears from official documents on file in this 
department, that the amendment to the constitution of the 
United States proposed as aforesaid, has been ratified by the 
legislatures of the states of Illinois, Rhode Island, Michigan, 
Maryland, New York, West Virginia, Maine, Kansas, Massachu^ 
setts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Missouri, Nevada, Indiana, 
Louisiani, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Vermont, Tennessee, Arkansas, 
Connecticut, New Hampshire, South Carolina, Alabama, North 
Carolina and Georgia ; ih all twenty-seven states. 

And whereas, the whole number of states in the United States 
is thirty-six; and whereas, the before specially-named states, 
whose legislatures have ratified the said proposed amendment, 
constitute three-fourths of the whole number of states in the 
United States: 

Now, therefore, be it known, that I, William H. Seward, 
secretary of state of the United States, bv virtue and in pur- 
suance of the second section of the act of congress, approved 
the twentieth of April, eighteen hundred and eighteen, entitled, 
' An act to provide for the publication of the laws of the United 
btates, and for other purposes," do hereby certify, that the 
amendment aforesaid has become valid, to all intents and pur- 
poses, as a part of the constitution of the United States. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and 
caused the seal of the department of state to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Washington, this eighteenth day of Decem- 
ber, in tl|e year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred 
[L. s.J and sixty-five, and of the Independence of the United 
States of America the ninetieth. 

5 WILLIAM H. SEWARD, 

Secretary of State^ 



GQ CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

Section 1. 
All persons born or naturalized in tlie United States, 
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the 
United States and of the state wherein they reside. No 
Btate shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge 
the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United 
States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, 
liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny 
to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection 
of the laws. 

Section 3. ] 

Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
states according to their respective numbers, counting' 
the whole number of persons in each state, exclnding 
Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any .1 

election for the choice of electors for president and vice- | 

president of the United States, representatives in congress, * 

the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the mem- t 

bers of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the l 

male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of | 

fige, and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other 
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced 
in the proportion which the number of such male citizens 
shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- 
pne years of age in such state. ^ 

Section 3. ■ 

No person shall be a senator or representative in con- ", 

gress, or elector of president and vice-president, or hold 'c 

any office, civil or military, under the United States, or ^ 

under any state, who, having previously taken an oath as | 

a member of congress, or as an officer of the United States, v 
or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive 



CONSTITUTIOiq- OF THE UNITED STATES. 6Y 

or judicial officer of any state, to support the constitution 
of tlie United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or 
rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the 
enemies thereof. But congress may, by a vote of two- 
thirds of each house, remove such disability. 

Section 4. 
The validity of the public debt of the United States 
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment 
of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insur- 
rection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither 
the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any 
debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebel- 
ion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or 
emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, 
and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Section 5. 
The congress shall have power to enforce, by appropri- 
ate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

The following are the certificates ol the secretary of state 
of the United States, announcing the ratification of the 
foregoing article : 
TTii^LiAM IT. Seward, Secrctarif of State of the United States: 

To ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS MAY COME, GREETING : 

Whereas, the congress of the United States, on or about the 
sixteenth of June, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
sixty-six, passed a resolution, which is in the words and figures 
following, to wit : 

"Joint Resolution proposing an Amendment to the Constitution 
of the United States. 

*''' Be it Resolved, by the senate and house of representatives of 
Ihe United States of America in congress assembled (two-thirds 
lo both houses concuning), That the following article be proposed 
to the legislatures of the several states as an amendment to tho 
constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three- 
fourths of said legislatures, shall be valid as part of the constitu- 
tion, namely :" 

(See Article X^V^ above.) 

And whereas, by the second section of the act of congress, ap- 
proved the twentieth of April, one thousand eight hundred and 
eighteen, entitled "An act to provide for the publication of the 
laws cf the United States, and for other purposes," it is made the 



C8 C013-STITUTI0N OF THE UKITED STATES. 

duty of the secretary of state forthwith to cause any amendment 
to the constitution of the United States, which has been adopted 
according to tlie provisions of the said constitution, to be pub- 
lished in the newspapers authorized to promulgate tlie laws, with 
his ccrlifu-ate specifyinpr the states by which the same may have 
been adopted, and that the same has become valid, to all intents 
and purposes, as a part of the constitution of the United Stat'::>s ; 

And whereas, neither the act juFt quoted from, nor any otlier 
law, expressly or by conclusive implication, authf)rizes the secre- 
tary of state to determine and decide doubtful questions as to tho 
authenticity of the orfranization of state lejrislatures, or as to tho 
power of any state lej^islature to recall a previous act or resolu- 
tion of ratification of any amendment proposed to the constitu- 
tion; 

And whereas, it appears from official documents on file in this 
department, that the amendment to t!ic constitution of tho 
United States, proposed as aforesaid, has been ratified by tho 
lot'islatures of the states of Coimec ticut, Nt w II am pFhir-^," Ten- 
nessee, New Jersey, Orefron, Vermont, l\cw York, Oliio, Illinois, 
West Virginia, Kansas, Maine, Nevada, Missouri, lndian:i, Minne- 
sota, Khode Island, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Massa- 
chusetts, Nebraska, and Iowa ; 

And whereas, it f urtlier appears, from documents on file in this 
department, that the amendment to the constitution of tho 
"United States, proposed as aforesaid, has also been ratified by 
newly constituted and newly established bodies, avowing them- 
selves to be, and acting as, the legislatures, respectively, of tho 
states of Arkansas, Florida, Nortli Carolina, Louisiana, South 
Carolina, and Alabnma; 

And whereas, it lurther appears, from official documents on 
file in this department, that the legislatures of two of the states 
first above enumerated, to wit: Ohio and New Jersey, have since 
passed resolutions, respectively, withdrawing the consent of each 
of said states to the aforesaid amendment; 

And whereas, it is deemed a natter of doubt and uncertainty 
whether such resolutions hre not irregular, invalid, and, there- 
fore, inefl'ectual, for withdrawing the consent of the said two 
states, or of either of them, to the aforesaid amendment ; 

And whereas, the \/hole number of states in the United States 
is thirty-seven, to wit: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhodo 
Island, "Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Soiith Carolina, CJeoriria, 
Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiaiui, Mis- 
sissippi, Illinois, Alabama, Maine, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, 
Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, California, Oregon, 
Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada and Nebraska; 

And whereas, the twenty-three states first hereinnefore named, 
whose legislatures have ratified the said proposed aniendment, 
and the six states next tliereafter named, as having ratilied iho 
said projxtsed amendtnent by newly constituted and established 
legislative bodies, together constitute three-fourths of the whoio 
number of st ates in the United States. 

Now, therefore, be it known, that I, Wttxiam H. Seward, sec- 
retary of state of the United States, by virtue and iii pursuance 
of the second section of the act of conLM-ess, aiiproved the twen- 
tieth of April, eiirhteen hundred and eiirhteen, hereinbefore 
cited, do berel)y certify, that, if the resolutions of the legisla- 
tures of Ohio and New Jersey, ratifying the aforesaid amend- 
ment, are to be deemed as remaining of full force and effect, 
QOtwithBtandlus the subsequent resolutioua of the Icflslaturea 



COi^STITUTION" OF THE UKITED STATES. 69 

of those states, which purport to withdraw the consent of said 
states from such ratification, then the aforesaid amendment has 
been ratified in the oanner liereinbefore mentioned, and so has 
become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the consti- 
tution of the United States. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto sot my hand, and caused 

th 3 seal of the d^iaartmeat of state to be a''lxed. 

Done at the city of Washington, this tv/entieth day of July, in 

the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and 

[l. S.] sixty-eight, and of the Independence of the United 

States of America the ninety-third. 

WILLIAM H. SEWARD, 

Secretary of State, 



WrLLiAM H. Seward, Secretary of State of the United States: 

To ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS MAY COME, GREETING. 

Whereas, by an act of congress, passed on the twentieth of 
April, one thousand eight hundred anJ eighteen, entitled ''An 
act to provide for the publication of ihe laws of the United 
States, and for other purposes," it is declared that, whenever 
official notice shall have been received at the department of 
state that any amendment which heretofore has been and here- 
after may be proposed to the constitution of the United States 
has been adopted according to the provisions of the constitu- 
tion, it shall be tlie duty of the said secretary of state, forthwith, 
to cause the said amendment to be published i.i the newspapers 
authorized to promulgate the laws, with his certificate, specify- 
ing the states by which the Fame may have been adopted, and 
that the same has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a 
part of the constitution of the United States; 

And whereas, the congress of the United States, on or about 
the sixteenth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and 
sixty-six, submitted to the legislatures of the several states a 
proposed amendment to the constitution, in the following 
words, to wit : 

"Joint liesolution proposing an Amendment to the Constitution 
of the United States. 

"Beit fJejoZiicfT, by the senate and house of representatives of 
the United States of America, in congress assembled (two-thirds 
of both houses concurring). That the following article be pro- 
posed to the legislaturer, of the several states as an amendment 
to the constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by 
three-fourths of said legislatures, shall be valid as part of the 
constitution, namely:" 

(See Article XIV, above.) 

And whereas, the senate and house of representatives of the 
congress of the United States, on the twenty-first day of July, 
one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, adopted and trans- 
mitted to the department of state a concurrent resolution, 
which concurrent resolution is in the words and figures follow- 
ing, to wit : 

" In Senate of the United States, ) 
''July 21, 1868. j 

"Whereas, the legislatures of the states of Connecticut, Ten- 
nessee, New Jersey, Oregon, Vermont, West Virginia, Kansas, 
Missouri, Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Minnesota, New York, Wiscon- 
sin, Pennsylvania, Uhode Island, Michigan, Nevada, New Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Maine, Iowa, Arkansas, Florida, 



TO CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

North Carolina, Alabama, South Carolina and Louisiana, belnff 
three-fourths and more of the several states of the Union, have 
ratified the fourteentla j;rtlcle of amendment to the constitution 
of the United States, duly proposed by two-thirds of each house 
of tlie tliirty-niuth conjrress ; tlierefore, 

"ii'&s'o^tvv/, by the senate (the house of representatives con- 
curring:), That said fointeentli article is hereby declared to be a 
part of the constitution of the United States, and it shall be duly 
promulgated as such by the secretary cf state. 

♦'Attest: GEO. C. GORH AM, Secretary." 

" In the House of REPRESENTATn'"Es, ) 

"JwZy21, lbU8. J 

" JJc-w/i'cf?, That the house »f representatives concur in the 
foreiroinf? concurrent resolution of the senate, 'declaring the 
ratification of the fourteenth article of amendment of the con- 
stitution of the United States.' 

"Attest: ED WD. McPHERSON, Ocrk." 

Andwhcrcas, official notice has been received at the depart- 
ment of state that the legislatures of the several states next 
hereinafter named, have, at the times respectively herein men- 
tioned, taken the pi"oceedings hereinafter recited, upon or in 
relation to the ratification of the said proposed amendment, 
called article fourteenth, namely; The legislature of Connecti- 
cut ratified the amendment June 30th, 1806; the legislature of 
JNew Hampshire ratified it July 7th, 1866: the legislature of Ten- 
nessee ratified it July 19th, 18GG; the legislature of New Jersey 
ratified it September 11th, 1866, and the legislature of the same 
state passed a resolution in April, 1868, to withdraw its {M)nsent to 
it; the Icgislatu'-o of Oregon ratified it September IJHh, 1866: the 
legislature of Texas rejected it IJ^ovember 1st, 1866; the legisla- 
ture of Vermont ratified it on or previous to November 5)th, 
18C6; the legislature of Georgia rejected it November i;3th, 18<J6, 
and the legislature of the same state ratified it July 21st, 1868 ; 
the legislature of North Carolina rejected it December 4th, 1866, 
and the legislature of the same state ratified it July 4th, 1868; the 
legislature < (' South Carolina rejected i*: December 20th, 1866, and 
the legislature of the same state ratified it July 9th, 1868; the 
legislature of Virginia rejected it January 9th, 1867: the legis- 
lature of Kentucky rejected it Jaimary 10th 1867 ; the legislature 
of New York ratified it Jantiary 10th, 1867 ; the legislature of Ohio 
ratified it January 11th, 1867, and the legislature of the same 
state passed a resolution in January, 1368, to withdraw its c<m- 
sent to it; the legislature of Illinois ratified it January IHth, 
1867: the legislati;ro of West Virginia ratified it January 16th, 
1867; the legislature of Kanpau ratified it Jaruinry 18tlu 1867: the 
legislature of l-Iaino ratified it January lOtli, 1867 : t'lo legislaturo 
of Nevada ratified it January 22d, 1867; the legislature of :*Iis- 
souri ratified it on or previous to January 26tli, I8ti7 ; the legisla- 
ture of Indiana ratified it January 2yth, 1867; the legishiture of 
Minnesota ratified it February ls+, 1867 ; the legislaturo of Rhode 
Island ratified it February 7th, 1867; the legislature of Delaware 
rejected it I'ebruary 7th, 18(<7; tlie legislature of Wisconsin rati- 
fied it February loth, 1867; tlie legislature of Pennsylvania rati- 
fied it February 13th, 1867; the legislature of Michigan ratified it 
February 15th, 1867; the legislature of Massachusetts ratified it 
March 20th, 1867; the legislature of Maryland rejected it March 
e3d, 1867; the legislaturo of Nebraska ratified it Juno 15th. 1867; 
the legislaturo of Iowa ratified it April 3d, 18G8 ; the legislature 



I 



CONSTITUTIOlSr OF THE UiflTED STATES, 71 

of Arkansas ratified it April 6th, 1868 ; the legislature of Florida 
ratified it June 9th, 1838; the legislature of Louisiana ratified it 
July 9tii, 1868; and the legislature of Alabama ratified it July 
13th, 1868: 

Now, therefore, be it Known, that I, Wiliaam H. Seward, 
secretary of state of the United States, in execution of the 
aforesaid act, and of the aforesaid concurrent resolution of the 
21st of July, 1888, and in conformance thereto, do hereby direct 
the said proposed amendment to the constitution of the United 
States to be published in the newspapers authorized to promul- 
gate the laws of the United States, and I do hereby certify, that the 
said proposed amendment has been adopted in the manner here- 
inbefore mentioned by the st .tes specified in the said concur- 
rent resolution, namely: The states of Connecticut, New Hamp- 
shire, Tennessee, New Jersey, Oregon, Vermont, New York. 
Ohio, Illinois, West Virginia, Kansas, Maine, Nevada, Missouri, 
Indiana, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania,, 
Michigan, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Iowa, Arkansas, Florida, 
North Carolina, Louisiana, South Carolina, Alabama, and also 
by the legislature of the state of Georgia; the states thus speci- 
^ed being more than three-fourths of the states of the United 
States- 

And I do further certify, that the said amendment has become 
valid to all intents and purposes, as a part of the constitution of 
the United States. 

In testimi>ny whereof, i have hereunto set my hand, and caused 
the seal of the department of state to be atfixed. 

Done at the city of Washington this twenty-eighth day <^>f J uly, 
in the year <>f our Lord one thousand eight hundred and 
[L. S.] sixty-eight, and of the Independence of the United States 
of America the ninety-third. 

WILLIAM H. SEWARD, 

Secretary of State. 

ARTICLE XV. 

Section 1. 

Tlie right of citizens of the United States to rote shall 

not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any 

state on account of race, color, or previous condition of 

servitude. 

Section 2. 
The congress shall have power to enforce this article 
by appropriate legislation. 



The following is the certificate of the secretary of state 
of the United States, annotincing the ratification, of the 
foregoing article : 



72 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State of the United States: 

To ALL, TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS MAY COME, GREETING : 

Know Ye, Thatthe ootiKresa ol" the United States, on or about 
the twenty-seventh day of February, in the year one thousand 
eiprht hundred and sixty-nine, passed a resolution in the words 
and figures followiut;, to wit : 

*' A Resohition proposins? an Amendment to the Constitution of 
the United States. 

" Eesinlved, By the senate and house of representatives of the 
United States of America, in congress assembled (two-thirds of 
both houses concurrinc:). That the following article lie proposed 
to the legislatures of the several states as an amendment to tho 
constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three- 
fourths of said legislatures, shall be valid as part of the constitu- 
tion, namely :" 

(See Article XV, above.) 

And, further, that it appears from official documents on file fn 
this department, that the amendment to the constitution of the 
United States, proposed as aforesaid, has been ratified by the 
legislatures of the states of North Carolina, West Virginia, Mas- 
sachusetts, Wisconsin, Maine, Louisiana, Michigan, South Caro- 
lina, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, In- 
diana, New York, New Hampshire, Nevada, Vermont, Virginia, 
Alabama, Missouri, Mississijjpi, OJiio, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, 
Rhode Island, Nebraska, and Texas ; in all, twenty-nine states : 

And, further, that the states whose legislatures have so ratified 
the said proiKjsed amendment constitute three-fourths of the 
whole number of states in the United States; 

And, further, that it appears, from an official document on file 
in this department, that the legislature of the state of New York 
has since passed resolutions claiming to withdraw ihe said ratifi- 
cation of the said amendnient which had been made by the legis- 
lature of that state, and of which official notice had been filed in 
this department: 

And, further, that it appears, from an official document on file 
in this department, that the legislature of Georgia has, by reso- 
lution, ratified the said proposed ;«.mendment: 

Now, therefore, be it known, that T, Hamllton Fish, secretary 
of state of the United States, by virtue and in pursuance of the 
second section of the act of confess approved the twentieth 
day of April, in the vear eighteen hundred and eighteen, entitled 
"An act to provide for the publication of the laws of the I nited 
States, and for other purposes," do hereby certify, that the 
amendment aforesaid has become valid to all intetits and pur- 
poses as part of the constitution of the United States. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused 
the seal of tho department of state to l)e affixed. 

Done at the city of Wasiiincrton, this thirtieth day of !^^'(rch» 
in tho year of our Lord one thousand cicrht hundred and 

[l. s.] severity, and of tho Indet>endence of the United States 
the ninety-f ourtli, 

HAMILTON FISH. 



THE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 73 



THE GOYERKMElN^T UNDER THE 
CONSTlTUTIOJi. 

TIME OF RATIFICATION BY THE ORIGINAL STATES. 
After copies of the Coustitution had been sent to the State 
Legislatures, more than a 3'ear elapsed, before the requisite 
number of States liad ratifi'ed it. 

By Convention of DelaM-are, December 7th., 1787. 

" " Pennsylvania December 12th., 1787. 

" " New Jersey December 18th., 1787. 

" " Georgia, January 2d, 1788. 

" '• Connecticut, January 9th., 1788. 

" " Massachusetts February 6th., 1788 

" " Maryland, April 28th., 1788. 

" "■ South Carolina, May 23d., 1788. 

'• " New Hampshire, June 21st., 1788. 

" " Virginia June 20th., 17£8. 

" " New York, : July 2Gth., 1783. 

" " North Carolina, November 21st., 17SS. 

" " Rhode Island, May 29th., 1790. 

On the 4th of March 1789, the NATIONAL CONSTITUTION 
Tvent into etFect, and became the organic law of the laud. The 
first Congress thereafter, met in the city of New York, and a 
quorum "was formed on the 6th of April, 1789. 

The three most important powers of a government are — 
1st. That of making laws, or the Legislative power. 2nd. 
That of executing them, or the Executive power. 3rd. That 
of interpreting the laws, and applying them to individual 
cases, or the Judicial power. The first is vested in Congress, 
the second is vested in the President, and the third is vested 
in one Supreme Court, and such other courts as Congress may 
establish. The government therefore is divided into three 
independent branches, to wit — the Legislative — the Executive^ 
and the Judiciary. 



T4 GOVERNMENT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 

After the organization of the new goverment, the first 
matters brought before Congress -were those pertaining to the 
finaneial affairs of the country, and forming a S3-stem of reve- 
nues, and also the business of organizing the diflferent 
branches. 

Tlierc were three departments arranged for the executive, 
to wit, Tlie Treasury, The War, and of Foreign Affairs, the 
heads of which were to be styled Secretaries, and were to 
constitute a Cabinet Councih 

A nationalJudiciary M'as also established, consisting of a 
Supreme Court of the United States, having one Chief Justice 
and five Associate Justices. District Courts were also estab- 
lished, and each State was made a district, and also three Cir- 
cuit Courts — the States being formed into three circuits. The 
question as to ameuclmcnfs to tlic Constitution was then 
brought forward, and also the Bills of Rights proposed by 
Virginia and New York. Twelve amendments were agreed to 
by Congress, but July ten of them subsequently ratified by the 
States. 

/Tliosft ton nmenf!mont<< were ratified by tlie constitutional number 
Statis <)!i tlio 151 li (if Deci'iiibcr 1T:)1. Another llie Elevenlh was pro- 
posed on the Stiiof March 1TD4. and r.itlfl.<i on the 8th of .January 1798. 
The Tirelfth was proposf-il jn December 1803, and ratified on the 25tli of 
Septembea 181)4. Th^^ Thirteenth was ratified in 1865, the /^o?/?-?^-"/!?/! In 
1863. and the Fi/Uenih iu 1S70, all now being apart of the Nalioual Coa- 
Blitution.J 



THE EXECUTIVE BKANCH OF THE GOVERNMENT. YS 

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF THE 

GOVERNMENT. 

THE PRESIDENT. 

The executive power is vested in a President of tlie United 
States of America. He must be a natural born citizen, a resi- 
dent of tbe United States for fourteen years, and of the age 
of thirty-live years or upvrards. He holds his office during the 
the term of four years, and may be re-elected for a second 
term. 

He is the Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy, and 
with the consent of the Senate, appoints all cabinet, judicial 
and executive officers ; has power to grant pardons and 
reprieves for offences against the United States, and it is his 
duty to see that the laws are faithfully executed. 

THE yiCE-PPvESIDENT. 
The Vice-President is elected at the same time, in the same 
manner, and for the same term as the President, and must 
have the same qualitications. In case of the death or disabil- 
ity of the President, the duties of the office devolve upon the 
Vice-President during the term. In case of the death or dis- 
ability of the Vice-President, the president of the Senate, 
pro tempore takes his place. 

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. 

The present mode of election of the President and Vice- 
President of the United States, is not, by the the direct vote of 
the people, but through the machinery of an "Electoral Col- 
lege." Each State has as many Electors, as it has Senators and 
Representatives in Congress, who must be chosen within thir- 
ty-four days preceding the first "Wednesday of December of 
the year in which an election of President and Vice-President 
takes place. 

By an Act of Congress, approved January 23rd, 1845, the 
uniform time for holding elections for Electors in all the 
States of the Union, was fixed for the Tuesday next after the 
first Monday, in the month of November of the year in which 



76 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. 

they are to be appointed. Each State may also by law pro- 
vide for the fillinjj of any vacaucy or vacaucics -svhich luiiy 
occur in its College of Electors, when such College meets to 
give its electoral vote, and if any State having held an election 
for the purpose of choosing electors, should fail to make a 
choice on the day appointed, then the Electors may be 
appointed on a subsequent day, in such manner as the State 
shall by law provide 

The Electors must meet at the eapitol of their respective 
States, on the first Wednesday of December, and vote by dis- 
tinct ballots for President and Vice-Fresidcnt, one of whom 
shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. 

Having made lists of the number of votes cast and for whom 
given, they must sign, certify, seal up, and transmit them 
by a special mes&enger to the President of the Senate, at V/ash- 
ington. These are opened by the President of the Senate, and 
the votes are counted in the presence of the Senate and House 
of Representatives, who have convened on a day fixed for that 
purpose. 

The person having the greatest numl3€r of votes for Presi- 
dent is duly elected, if such a number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors ajjpointed. If no person has such a 
majority, then from the persons having the highest number, 
not exceeding three, in the list of those voted for, the 
House of Representatives shall choose immediately, and by 
ballot, the President. In case they neglect to do this before 
the 4th of March following, then the Vice-President shall act 
as President, as he would in case of the death or other consti- 
tutional disability of the President. 

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS— HOW APPOINTED 
After each decennial enumeration, the aggregate representa- 
tive population of the United States is ascertained by the Sec- * 
retary of the Interior. 

This v,'a.s formerly done by adding to the whole number o2 i, 

free persons in all the States, including those bound to service | 

for a term of years, excluding the Indians not taxed, and three- 'f 

fifths of all other persons. As the Members os the House of : 

Representatives were limited by Act of May 23d, 1S50, to 2o3, 



PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. 77 

this aggregate representative population was divided by that 
number, and the quotient, rejecting fractious, if any, was the 
ratio of apportionment for the several States. 

The loss by fractions was made up by assigning to as many 
States, having the largest fractions, as may be necessary to 
make the whole number of Representatives 233, one additional 
Member each, for its fraction. "When new States were admit- 
ted. Representatives were assigned to such States on the above 
basis, in addition to the number limited, till the next census. 
Thus under the census of ISCO the ratio was found to be 
120,823. 

By a subsequent Act in March 1863, this ratio was changed, 
and the number of Representatives after March 1883 was in- 
creased from 233 to 241, and subsequently increased by addi- 
tion of new States and an additional Representative to some 
of the States to 243. 

Now add to this 243, (the number of Representatives,) 
74, (the number of Senators,) and we have the number 
of Presidential Electors of 1868, provided the Electoral Col- 
lege had been full, and all the States (37) had been represented ; 
but as Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas had no vote, only 34 
States were represented. 

The representative ratio under the census of 1870, is 135,239, which is 
ascertaiued by lai^iii^ me wnoic population of tnu biates, 3d, 113,253, iesa 
38l,4JJ, buiug t.ie aggregate of tiie population of tlie fourbiatcs ui uel- 
awaio, Nevada, NcOrasKU and Orugoa ; wiuch having Ijss population 
than the representative ratio, are nevertheless assigned one iCcpruseut- 
ativeeacli by law; and dividing the remainder hy^]d, being tae num- 
ber of li jpresentativ^ s originally determined upon, less those assigned 
to t Hi four States a^ove named. Bj asub'iequent Act of Coiigras, up- 
pr.):-ea May 2dth., 1ST2, nine Bepreseiitative-^, additional to the orUjinal 
number of 2S3 w re assigned, one to each of the following States :— 
New Hampshire, Vermont, Kew York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Tennes- 
see, Louisiana, Alabama and Florida, thus making the whole number 
of electors 366. 

In the next presidential election the whole number of electoral votes 
■will be 366, without Colorado ; but if she takes part, as she undoubtedly 
will, there will be 369. 



•78 



APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES 



APP0PtTI0X3IENT OF REri[ESENTA- 
TIYES. 



Peiob to 1SC8 TJXDKE Cexsvs 13G0 New Apportionment. Census ISTJ 



Alnbnmfi 


G 


Arkiiubiis 


3 


Ciliforiihi 


3 










Florida 




Georgia 






14 




U 








1 






5 




5 


Muryland 


5 




10 


A!ieliif?aii 






2 


Mississippi . 


5 


Missouri 




N('t)raska '. 




1 


Kc'W Hainpsliire 


3 


N e w York . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . 


31 




7 


Oliio 


in 




Peiinsvlvania .. 


0) 


Rhotl.;' Island 


2 


Souili Carolina 


4 


Teiuiessee 


8 


Texas 


4 




s 


Vermont s 


AVest Virginia 


....... 3 




6 


Total 


243 



\]al)jima 


8 


Arkansas 


4 








4 


Delaware 


1 

2 




9 


Illinois 


19 


Indiana . ... 


13 


Iowa 


9 




3 






Lonisiaua 


6 

5 




6 


.Massachusetts 


11 

9 




3 




6 


Missouri ... 


13 




1 


Nevada 1 


New Hampshire 


3 

7 


.New York 


33 

8 


Oliio 


20 




1 




27 


FJhode Island 


2 


South Carolina 


. 5 




n 


TeXHS 


6 




9 




3 


Wi-st Virginia 


3 


Wisconsin 


... 8 


Total 


^ 



ELECTORAL VOTE FOR NEXT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. 
The total Electoral vote at the coming election for the President ig 
8G6; the majority required by the Constitution is therefore 1S4. The 
Electors are as follows.* 



Mainr" 71 South Carolina <j Michigan 11 

New Hampshire rJiOeorgia Ill Florida 4 

Vermont .'>! Alahuma mi Texas 8 

Massachusetts lo! Mississippi Sjlowa 11 

Rhode Island 4 1 Louisiana S[H'isconsiu 10 

Connecticut tijOhio 2> ("alitornla 6 

New Yoik 35 Kentucky 12 [ Minnesota 5 

New J'Tsev 9l Tennessee 12'"regon 3 

Pennsylvania 2!t Indiana 15 Kansas 5 



Pelawiire 3 

Maryland 8 

Virginia 11 

Korth Carolina 10 

Total 



Illinois ^.21 WcHt Virginia 5 

Ml-sourl 1.') Nevada 3 

Arkansas 6 Nebraska 3 



• If Colorado votes, 3 votes will be added. 



THE CABINET COUNCIL. 79 

THE CABINET. 

The Administrative business of the Country is attended to 
by several officers, havin,' the titles of Secretaries &c. &c., 
who together fcrm the Cabinet, and they arc appointed by the 
President. It is now composed of the Secretary of State, Sec- 
retary of the Treasur}', Secretary of War, Secretary of the 
Navy, Secretary of the Interior, Postmaster-General, and the 
Attorney-General, who is the legal adviser of the Administra- 
tion, and the Official laW authority. Each of these Secretaries 
has charge of a separate department. 

THE SECRETAPvY OF STATE 

has charge of the great seal of the United States, but cannot 
affix it to any instrument in writing, without authority from 
the President. He conducts all treaties we make with other 
powers, attends to the correspondence with our Ministers at 
foreign courts, and with ^Ministers of foreign courts residing 
here ; grants passjDorts, &e. 

THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY 

superintends all the financial matters of the Government ; the 
settling of all the public accounts, and recommends to Con- 
gress any measure he may deem advisable for the condition 
of the reveuue. 

THE SECRETARY OF WAR 
has the exclusive control of the military affairs of the Nation, 
and superintends every department of the same ; attends to the 
making of public surveys ; erection of fortifications, &c. The 
Adjutant-General's office ; Quartermaster-General's Bureau; 
theOrdinance, Typographical, Medical, Engineer, and Subsis- 
tence Bureaus, all come under his supervision. 

THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY 
superintends generally all naval affairs, and directs the naval 
forces. The several Bureaus, such as of Docks, of Navy 
Yards, of Construction, Equipment, and repairs of Ordinance 
and Hydrography are all under his supervision. 



80 



THE CABINET COUNCIL. 



THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR 

superintends all matters connected with the public domain, 
Indian AlTairs, Patents, Public Buildin^.s, Pensions, tlie Census, 
and the Expenditures of the Federal Judiciary. 

THE POSTMASTER-GENERAL 

has the charge of all postal arrangements within the United 
States, as well as with all Foreign States. The Contract Office, 
the Appointment Office, and the Inspection Office, all come 
under his supervision, 

THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL 

is the Law Counsel for the President, and other officers of the 
Government. He is the Constitutional Adviser of the Govern- 
inent, and defends the same when necessary. 




SEAL OF rUi^ biAii:, LiEPAKTMEMT. 



liTATIONAL COXGRESS. 81 

THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF THE 

GUVEltMEiNT. 

AU Legislative powers are vested in Congress, which con- 
sists of a Senate and House of Representatives, inalat;ous to 
Piirliainent in Great Britain, Avhicli consists of a House of 
Lords uad a HoilsC of Commous- 

SENATE. 

The Senate consists of two members from each State, elected 
by tlie Legislature thereof respectively for six years. They 
are divided into three classes, each one-third, which is renewed 
bienniallj'. No person can be a Senator, who has not attained 
the age of tliirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabi- 
tant of the State for which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States is Zx-Q^cio, the 
President of the Senate. Besides its Legislative prerogatives, 
the Senate is vested with judicial functions, and its members 
may constitute a High Court of Impeachment; but the sole 
power of impeachment belongs to the Representatives, 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

The members of the House of Representatives are elected 
by tlie people, to seats therein for two years, and the number 
of such members is in accordance with the population of the 
several Stiites. In order to ascertain the number, each State 
is entitled to a census, which is taken every ten years, and 
heretofore in this computation, two-thirds of the Slaves, and 
Indians not taxed have been excluded. Each State, however, 
is entitled to one Representative. 

To be qualified for this office, the person must be at least 
twentij-fiue years of age, at least seven years a citizen of the 
United States, and an inhabitant of the State in which he is 
chosen. 

The ratio based on the census of 1780, was one Representa- 



82 rilE FEDERAL COURTS. 

tive for every 33,500 inhabitants. The ratio accordini:: to the 
census of 1860, was one for every 120,833 persons, the whole 
number beini? Ihnited to 233, but subsequently, by Act of 
March 4th, 18G2, and by additional Act of March 3d, 18C3, the 
ratio was changed ; the whole number after March 3d 1863 be- 
ing made 243. The representative ratio under the census of 
1870, is 135,239. (Vide page 77. ) 



THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMEXT OF 
THE GOVEUiNMENT. 

The Judicial powers of the country are vested in the 
Supren\e, Circuit and District Courts of ihe United States. 
These are called the Federal Courts. Congress however, may 
from time to time establish such other and inferior courts, as 
may be considered advisable. 

THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED_ STATES. 

This is the highest Judicial Tribunal in the land. It has a 
Chief Justice and eight associate Justices. Ithas exclusive juris- 
dictio7i\n matters between tlie States, and appellate jm-isdiction 
from final decrees and judgmcntsof the Circuit Courts, in cases 
wherethcmattersin dispute exclusive of costs cxcee Ithesum of 
82,000, and from final judgments and decrees of the highest 
courts of the several States in certnin cases. It has also 
power to issue writs of j'j?'o7ii&i7io;i and mandaynus in certain 
cases. 

THE CIRCUIT COURTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

They are held by a Justice of the Supreme Court assigned to 
the Circuit, and V)y the Judge of the District in which the Court 
sits, conjointly. They have original jurisdiction concurrent with 
the courts of the several States, of all suits at Common Law 
or in Equity, wlien the matter in dispute exclusive of costs, ez- 
ceeds (he swn of five hundred dollars and the United States are 



THE FEDERAL COUETS. 83 

plaintiff, or an alien is a party, or where the suit is between a 
citizen of the State where the suitis brought and another State. 

They have also exclusive cognizance of most of the crimes 
and offences cognizable under the authority of the United 
States, and concurrent jurisdiction with the District Court of 
offences cognizable therein. They have also appellate jurisdic- 
tion from judgments and final decrees of the District Courts of 
the United States, in all cases where the matter in dispute ex- 
ceeds the sum, or value of fifty dollars. 

The trial of issues of fad in all suits, excepting those of 
equity, and admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, is by a jury. 

THE DISTRICT COURTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

They have exclusive original jurisdiction of all civil cases of 
Admiralty and Maritime jurisdiction, including all seizures 
under th(? navigation laws, or of impost, or trade of the United 
States, where they are made upon tide waters, saving however 
to suitors, the right of a common law remedy where the com- 
mon law gives it, also of all crimes and offences cognizable 
under the authority of the United States, committed within 
their respective Districts, or upon the high seas in certain 
cases. They have also concurrent juiisdiction with the State 
Courts in certain cases. The trial is by jury, excci^t in civil 
cases of Admiralty and Maritime jurisdiction. 

JUDGES HOW APPOINTED^ 

The appointment of all Judges of the Federal Courts is 
made by the President, by, and with the approval and consent 
of the Senate, and they hold their ofSces during good behav- 
ior, and can be removed only on impeachment. 



84 



FEDERAL PAT-ROLL. 



SALARIES OF FEDERAL OFFICERS. 



Pcsulcnt of the United States, - per 

Vii-e President " " " - - " 

Secretary of StiitG and other Cabinet 

Ministers, eia h - - - - " 
Chief Justiee Supreme Court, - - " 
Each Associate J ustiee Supreme Court " 
benators and Representatives,* - '* 
Si)eaUtr House of Repieseututives, - " 
Secretary of the Senate, - - - " 
Clerk House of Representatives, - " 
Snptrintendent Coast Survey, - " 
Ministers Plenipotentiary to Great Brit- 
ain and France, - - - - " 
Ministers Plenipotentiary to Russia, 
Prussia, Spain, Austiia, Italy, Chi- 
na, Brazil and Mexico, - - *' 
Ministers Resident to Portugal and oth- 
er States, " 

Consul Generals, Per Annum, from 

Consuls, - - - " " 

Secretaries of Legation, " *' 



annum, $50,000 00 
8,000.00 

" 8 000.00 

•' KV^jOOOO 

" 10,030.00 

5.000.00 
8,000.00 
3,600 00 
3,000 00 
0,000.00 

" 17,500.00 



12,000.00 

7..500.00 

53,000.00 to 0,000.00 

1 000.00 to 7,000 00 

1,500.00 to 2,700.00 



♦Senators and Representatives also receive twenty cents per mile ns 
mileage. There is deducted from their salaries |8.00 per diem for each 
day's abseuce, unless caused by sicliucss. 



PRESIDENTS OF THE COXTIXEJiTAL 
CONGRESS. 



From 1774 to 1789. 



Kaiue. 


From what Colony. 


'Vhsu Electe(i 


Born 


Died 


Peyton Randolph, 


Virginia, 


Septs. 1774 


1723 


1T75 


Henry Middleloii, 


South Carolina, 


Oct 22. 1774 






PcVtoll RalKli)li)ll, 


Virginia, 


May 10. 1775 


irij 


iiss 


John lliiiicock, 


Massachusetts, 


May 24. 1775 
Nov 1. 1777 


1737 


1793 


H.iiry Laureus, 


Souili Carolina. 


1724 


1792 


John Jav. 


Kew York, 


Dec 10,1778 


1745 


1829 


Samuel lluniinRton, 


Connecticut, 


Sept 28. 1779 
July 10, 1781 


1732 


1796 


Tlioiiias .Mclvean, 


Delaware, 


17»4 


1817 


Jf)lui Hanson, 


Maryland. 


Nov 5, 1781 




1783 


Flias Houdinot, 


New Jersey. 


Nov 4. 1782 


1740 


1824 


T lonv.is Mifflin, 


Pennsylvania, 


Nov 3. 1783 


1741 


1800 


IMchanl Henry Lee, 


Virginia. 


Nov 30. 1781 


1732 


1701 


Jcthn Hancoclc. 


Ma.'ssaehnsetts, 


Nov 23. 1785 


1737 


1775 


Kathanlel (inrtiam, 


Massachusetts, 


June fi. 178fi 


1738 


1796 


Arthur St. Clair, 


PennKvlvania, 


Feb 2. 1787 




1818 


Cyrus Criffln, 


Viruiiiia. 


Jan 22. 1783 


\Yis 


1810 



SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION. 



85 



SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF IIDEPEXDEICE. 



Kames 


Time and place of birth. 


Died. 




Braintree, Mass.... 

lioston. Mass 

Amesbury, Mass... 


Oct. 

Sept. 

inNov 


19, 1735 
27, 172-^ 
., 1729 


July 
Oct. 
May 


4, 1826 


Adams, Saiuutl 

Bartlctt, Josiali 


2, 1803 
19, 1795 


Braxton, Carter 


.Vcwington, Va — 


Sept, 


I?: \^ 


l)ct. 


10, 1797 


Carroll, Charles 


Annapolis, Md — 


vcpt. 


20, 1 .37 


Xov. 


14, 1832 




Somerset Co., Md.. 
Zlizabethtown, N. 


Apr. 

J... .Feb. 


17, 1741 
15, 172G 


June 
Sept., 


19, ISll 


Clark, Abraham 


1794 




Philadelphia, Pa... 
Newport, R. 1 


in 


1739 


Jan. 


23,1813 


Ellcry, William 

Floyd, William 


Doc. 


22, 1727 


Feb. 


15, 1820 


Suffolk Co., N. Y.. 


Dec. 


17, 1734 


Aug 


4, 1821 


Franklin, Bcnj-vmiu.. . 


3oston, Mass 


Jan. 


17, 17C6 


April 


17, 1790 


Gerry, Elbrid^cc 


Marblehead, Mass. 


July 


17, 1744 


Nov. 


23, 1S14 


G-.vinnctt, Button 


"England 


in 


1732 


May 


27, 1777 


Hall, Lyman 


Connecticut 


la 


1731 


Feb., 


1790 






in 


1737 


Oct. 
April, 


8, 1793 


Harrison, Benjamin. . . 


3crkely, Va 




1791 




aopcwcll,N. J 




1715 
1746 


March, 


1780 


Hey ward, Tliomas, Jr. 


3t. Luke's, S. C 


....in 


1809 


Hcwes, Joseph 


Kingston, N.J 


in 


173.; 


N^ov. 


^^'}'U^ 


Hooper, William 

Hopkins, Stephen 

Hopkinson, Francis. . . 


Boston, Mass 


June 


17. 1742 


Oct., 


1(90 


3cituate, R. I 


March 


'^.1107 


.July 


13, 1783 


Philadelphia, Penu 


....in 


1^37 


>Lay 


9.1790 


Huntington, Samuel.. 


Windham, Conn... 


....July 


3, 1735 


Jan. 


^< ^IB 


Jcffjrson, Thomas 


Shad well, Va 


....April 


13, 1743 


July 


4, 1826 


Lee, Francis Li<?htfoot 


Stratford, Va 


....Oct. 


14, 1734 


April, 


1797 


Lee, Richard Henry. . . 


Stratford Va 


Jan. 


20, 1732 

1713 

15, 174G 


June 
Dec. 
June 


19, 1794 


Landaff, Wales 


....in Mar. 


30, 1803 


Livingston, Pliilip 


\lbany,N. Y 


Jan. 


12, 1778 


Lynch, Thomas, Jr 

McKean, Thomas 


St. George's, S. C. 


....Aug. 


5. 1740 


Lost at sea, 1779 


Chester Co., Pa.... 


....Mar. 


19, 1734 


June 


24, 1817 


Widdleton, Arthur.... 


Middleton Place. S 


C.in 


1743 


Jan. 


1.1787 


Jloris, Lewis 


Morrisania, N. Y. . 


...in 


1728 


Jan. 


22. 17C3 


Morris, Robert 


Lancashire, Eng.. 


...Jan., 


1733-'4 


May 


8, 1806 




Ridley, Pa 

York, Va 


...in 
...Dec. 


1721 
26. 173R 


April, 
Jan. 


1777 


Nelson, Tliomas, Jr... 


4, 1789 


Paca, William 


Wye Hill, Md 

Boston, Mass 


...Oct. 

...In 


31, 1740 
1731 


Mar 


1799 


Paine, Robert Treat... 


11. 1804 




Caroline Co., Va. . 

Cecil Co., Md 

Dover, Del 

-Tew Castle, Del... 
Bvberrv.Pa 


...May 
....in 
....in 
....in 
....Dec. 


17, 1741 
1734 
1730 
1730 

24, 1743 


Oct. 

July. 
April 


26, 1809 


Read, George 


1796 


Rodney, Cossar 


1733 




1779 


Rush, Beni imin, M.D. 
Rutledge, Edward 


19.1313 


Ciiarleston, S.C... 


....inNov. 


1749 


Jan. 


23, ISOO 


Sherman, Roger 


Newton, Mass 


....April 


19, 1721 


July 


23, 1793 


Smitli Jamr-s 








July 
Feb. 


11, 180S 


Stockton, Richard 


Princeton, N. J... 


....Oct. 


1, 1733 


23, 1781 


Stone, Thomas 


Charles Co., Md. .. 


...in 


1742 


Oct. 


5, 1737 


Taylor, George 


Ireland 


...in 


171G 


Feb. 


28, 1737 


Tliornton. Alatthew... 


Ireland 


...in 


1714 


June 


24. 1803 


Walton. GoorrTo 


Frederick Co., Va 


...in 


1740 


Feb. 


2, 1805 


Whipple, William 


Kiltcrv, Me 


...in 


1730 


Xov. 


28. 1785 


Williams. William 


Lebanon, Conn... 


....April 


8, 1731 


Aug. 


2,1811 


Wilson. James 


Scotland 


. .. about 


1742 


Aug. 


28, 1798 


Withcrspoon. John... 


Yester, Scotland.. 


...Feb. 


5, 1733 


Nov. 


15, 1794 


Woleott, Oliver 


Windsor, Conn. .. 


...Nov. 


26, 172G 


Doc. 


1. 1797 


• ■\yythc, George 


Elizabeth City Co.. 


Va.in 


1726 


June 


8. 1806 



86 



PRESIDEKTS AXD VICE-PRESIDENTS. 



PriEEIBENTS m VICE-PREBIBEIITS OF MITEB STATES. 

PRESIDENTS. 



Yen -of 
quulilic'ii. 



17'.i7. . 
1 «(•!.. . 
ISd!) .. 
1.S17 .. 
1-^24. . 
l>2i). . 
ls:?7... 
ISU... 

isu... 

ISIJ. . 
1SJ9.. 
ItkVl. . 
1S.53... 
l.S.i7 .. 

isr.i .. 

isfo.. 

ISO".)... 



Name. 



Goorjif^ Washington .... 

Jolin Adams 

Tlionias .Jctlcrson 

Jainos Ma'lison 

Jame^ I^louro" 

Jolm QuHicv Adams.... 

.Andrew .lackson 

Martin Van Biircn 

Win H»nrv Harrison*. 

Joim Tvicf 

James Knox PoIi\ 

Z Hilary Taylor* 

Mdlard Fillmore. 

Franklin Pierce 

Jann's Bnchanan 

Abraham Lincoln* 

Andrew Johnson 

Ulysses S. Grant 



Where from. 



Virginia 

Massachusetts . 

Vir;;inia 

Yirffinia 

Virginia 

l\Iassaehusetts . 

TeniP'ssee 

New York 

Ohio 

Virsinia 

Tennessee 

Louisiana 

New York 

New Hampshirt 
I'l-nnsylvania ... 

Illinois 

Tennessee 

Illinois 



Term of offloc. 



S years. 

4 years. 

5 years. 
8 years, 
8 years. 
4 years. 
8 years. 
4 years. 

1 n)onth. 
3yrs.. 11 mos. 
4 years. 

1 yr.. 4 m.. r, d. 

2 yr.. 7 ni., 26 d. 
4 years. 

4 years. 

4 yr.. 1 m., 10 d. 
:<yr.. li»m..2Ud. 
8 years. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS. 



Y-ar of 
qualilication. 


Naiir\ 


Where from. 


1780 


John Adams 


Massachusetts 


17't7 


Thomas Jelferson . . .. 


Viminia 


isni 




New York. 


lsn4 

lf^\■^ 


Geor-e Clinton 

Ellirids.' G-rry 

Daniel D. Tom|)Uins 


New York. 


1S17 


New York. 


1S24 




IKl^ 


Martin Van Bnren 


New York. 


ls;?7 


Hichar<l M Johnson ... 


Kentucky. 
Vlr"'lina 


ISM .. . . 


John Tyler . . 


1S12 






isi.-) 


(J'orffe M Dallas 




ISJ'.I 


milliard Fillmore 


N.-w York. 


IS'd 






is:,3 






ls;V, 


Ji'sse D. BrlKhtg 




IHTu 


.John C B''''ckinrid"'e 


Kentucky. 
I\Iaine 


ISfd 


Hannibal Himdln 


l.S(V) 






l«f>5 .... 


LafayefteC Foster? 


Cnimectlcut 


!>«•.« 






1S73 


Henry Wilson* 

Thomas W. Fcrrc? 


Ma,ssaehusett8. 
MichiL'an. 


137.-. 



•Died In olUcp. 

( Ex-qfflcio us rresidcnt isro tern, of the Senate. 



I 



CABINET OFFICERS, 



87 



SECRETARIES OF STATE. 



Names. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born 


Died 


Thomas Jefferson, 


Virginia 


i^so-nw 


1743 


1826 


Edmund Randolph, 


Virginia 


1794-l'i95 




1813 


Timothy Pickering, 


Massachusetts 


1795-1500 


i745 


1829 


John Marshall, 


Virginia 


1800-1801 


1755 


1836 


James Madison, 


Virginia 


1801-1809 


1751 


1837 


Robert Smith, 


Massachusetts 


1809-1811 






James Monroe, 


Virginia 


1811-1817 


i759 


issi 


Jolin Quincy Adams, 


Massachusetts 


1817-1825 


1767 


1848 


Henry Clay, 


Kentucky 


1825-1829 


1777 


1852 


Martin Van Burcn, 


New York 


1829-1831 


1782 


1862 


Edward Livingston, 


Louisiana 


1831-1833 


1764 


1836 


Louis McLane, 


Delaware 


1833-1835 


1786 


1857 


John Forsyth, 


Georgia 


1835-1841 


1780 


1841 


Daniel WebsttT, 


Massachusetts 


1841-1843 


1782 


1852 


Hugh S. Legare, 


South Carolina 


1843-1843 


1797 


1843 


Abel P. Upshur, 


Virginia 


1843-1844 


17S0 


1844 


John C. Calhoun, 


South Carolina 


1844-1845 


1782 


1850 


James Buchanan, 


Pennsylvania 


1845-1849 


1791 


1868 


John M. Clayton, 


Delaware 


1849-1850 


1796 


1856 


Daniel Webster, 


Massachusetts 


1850-1852 


1782 


1852 


Edward Everett, 


Massachusetts 


1852-1853 


1794 


1865 


William L. Marcy, 


New York 


1853-1857 


1786 


1860 


Lewis Cass, 


:Michigan 


1857-1861 


1782 




Jeremiah S. Black, 


Pennsylvania 
Ko^- York 


1861-1861 


1810 




William H. Spward, 


1861-1869 


1801 


.... 


ElihuB.Washburne, 


Illinois, 


1869 




.... 


Hamilton Fish, 


New York 


1869 







.SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. 



Alexander Hamilton 
Oliver Wolcott 
Samuel Dexter 
Albert Gallatin 
George W. Campbell 
Alexander J. Dallas 
William H. Crawford 
Richard Rush 
Samuel D. Ingham 
Louis McLane 
William S. Duane 
Roger B. Taney 
Levi Woodbury 
Thomas Ewing 



State 
N. Y 


When 
app'd 


1789 


Conn 


1795 


Mass 


1801 


Pcnn 


1802 


Tenn 


1814 


Peun 


1814 


Ga 


1817 


Penn 


1825 


Penn 


1829 


Del 


1331 


Penn 


1833 


Md 


18a3 


N. H 


18:^4 


'Ohio 


1841 



Walter Forward Penn 
John C. Spencer N. Y 

George M. Bibb Ky 

Kobert J.Walker Miss 
William M. Meredith Penn 
Thomas Corwin Ohio 

James Guthrie Ky 

Howell Cobb Ga 

Philip F. Thomas ^fd 
John A. Dix N. Y 

Salmon P. Chase Ohio 

Wm P. Fessenden Me 
Hugh McCullock Ind 

George S. Boutwell Mass 
Wm. A. Richardson iMass 
Benj. H. Bristow |Ky. 



Q(-„fp When 
^^^^^ app'd 



1841 

1843 
1844 
1845 
1849 
1850 
1853 
1857 
1860 
1861 
1861 
1864 
1865 
1869 
1873 
1S74 



88 



CABINET OFFICERS. 



SECRETARIES OF WAR. 



Names. 



Henry Knox 
Tiinothv Pickering 
Ja:iica McIIfiiry 
Sainut'l Dexter 
lioger GriswoUl 
Het)ry Dearborn 
"William Eustra 
Jolm Armstrong 
J;unes Monroe 
AVilliam H.Crawford 
Georgia Grnliam 
.lohn C. Calhoun 
James Rarhonr 
Peter B. Porter 
John TI. Eaton 
Lewis Cass 
B<niimiii F. Bntler 



State 


When 
app'a 


Mass 


1789 


Penn 


1795 


Mel 


1796 


Muss 


ISOO 


Conn 


1801 


Mass 


IBOl 


Mass 


1803 


N. r 


1813 


Va 


1814 


Ga 


1815 


Va 


1817 


«5. C 


1817 


Va 


18:i5 


N.r 


18-28 


Penn 


1829 


Mich 


IStJI 


N. Y 


1837 



Name; 



loel R. Poinsett 
John Bell 
John C.Spencer 
James M. Porter 
William Williins 
Willi.im L. ^Marcy 
George W. Crawford 
Charles M. Corad 
Jefferson Davis 
Jolin B. Floyd 
Joseph Holt 
^imon Cameron 
Edwin M. Stanton* 
John M. Schofleld 
John A. Rawlins 
William W.B.'Iknap 
Alphoiiso Taft 



S. C 

Tenn 

N.V 

Penn 

Penn 

N. Y 

Ga 

La 

Misa 

Va 

Ky 

Penn 

Penn 

N. Y 

111 

Iowa 

oriio 



When 
app'd 



1811 
1«41 
1813 
181-t 
1845 
1819 
1850 
1853 
18.57 
1860 
1861 
1862 



SECRETARIES OF THE iXAVY. 



Names. 



George Cabot 
Benjamin Stoddert 
Rob rt Smith 
Jacob Crownlnshield 
Paul Hamiltou 
AVilliam Jones 
B. \V. Crownlnshield 
Smith Thompson 
John Ro'lgers 
Samui'l L. Southard 
John Branch 
Levi "Woodbury 
Mahlon Diekerson 
James K Paulding 
George E. Badger 



State. 


"When 
app'd- 


Mass 


1793 


Md 


1708 


-Md 


1801 


Mass 


180j 


S. C 


18J3 


Penn 


1813 


Mass 


13H 


N.Y 


1818 




1823 


N.J 


18 >3 


N.C 


I8>9 


N.H 


1831 


N.J 


1*31 


N.Y 


1838 


N. C 


1811 



Names 



Abe) P. Upshnr 
David llenshaw 
Thomas \V. Gilmer 
John Y. Mason 
(Jeorge Bancroft 
John Y. Mason 
William B. Preston 
William A. Graham 
John P. Kennedy 
-lames C. Dobbin 
rsnaoToneey 
(Jideon Wells 
Adolph E. Borie 
George M. Robeson 



POST MASTERS-GENERAL. 



State 


"When 
app'd 


Va 


1841 


Ma.ss 


1813 


Va 


18-14 


Va 


1844 


Mas.s 


1815 


Va 


1816 


Va 


1819 


N.C 


1850 


Md 


18.52 


N.C 


1S53 


Conn 


1857 


Conn 


1861 


Penn 


1869 


N.J 


IbOa 



Names. 


State 


"U'^hen 
app'd. 


Names 


State 


When 
app'd 


Samuel Osgood 


Mass 


1789 


larob Collamer 


Vt 


1849 


Timothy Pickering 


Penn 


1791 


Natha.i K. Hall 


NY 


1850 


Joseph Ilabirshani 


Ga 


1795 


-funnel I). Hubbard 


C.inn 


1852 


Gideon Gr.inger 


Conn 


18!>1 


•Tames Cauiphell 


Penn. 


1853 


Iteturn Mi igs, Jr. 


Ohio 


1814 


Aaron V. P.rown 


Tenn 


18.5T 


John McLean 


f>hio 


1S-J3 


■Foseph Holt 


Ky 


1860 


"William T. P.arry 


Ky 


1829 


Toratio King 




18(iO 


Amos Kend ill 


KV 


18r, 


Montgomery Blair 


Md 


1861 


John M. Niles 


Conn 


1^10 


William Dennison 


MhiO 


1865 


P'rancis Granqrer 


N.Y 


1811 


Mex. W. RaiKlnll 


•.Vl3 


1866 


Charles A. Wicldiffe 


KV 


ISll 


John A. J. Creswcll 


M<l. 


18()9 


Cave Johnston 


I'enn 


18-15 


Marshall Jewell 


Conn 


1.S74 



SECRETARIES AND JUSTICES. 



89 



ATTORXEYS-GEXERAL. 



Eflmiinfl Randolph 
William Bradford 
Charles Lee 
Levi Lincoln 
Robert Smith 
Jolui Breclcenridge 
Caesar A. Rodney- 
William Pinkuey 
RiGhard Rusli 
William Wii-t 
John M. Berrien 
Roger B. Taney 
Benjamin F. Butler 
Felix Gruiidy 
Henry I). Gilpin 
John J. Crittenden 



"State 


Whou 




app d 


Va 


1789 


Penn 


1794 


Va 


1795 


Mass 


1801 


\Id 


1805 


Ky 


1805 


Del 


1807 


Md 


1811 


Penn 


1814 


Va 


1817 


Gx 


1823 


Md 


1831 


^^. r 


1833 


Tenn 


1833 


Penn 


1810 


Ky 


1841 



Names 



Hugh S. Legare 
John Nelson 
John Y. Muson 
Natlian Clifford 
Isaac Toucey 
lieverdy Johnson 
Jolin J. Crittendon 
Caleb Cushing 
Jeremiah S. Black 
Edwin M. Stanton 
Edward Bales 
James Speed 
Henry Stanberry 
William M. Evarts 
E Rock wood Hoar 
George H. Williama 
Edward Pierrepont 



a. C 
\Id 
Va 
Me 
Conn 
Md 
Ky 
Mass 
Penn 
Penn 
]\[o 
Ky 
Oliio 
N.Y 
Mass 
Or-'n 
N.Y. 



When 
app'd 



1841 
1843 
1845 
1846 
1843 
2849 
1850 
1853 
1857 
18G0 
1861 
1864 



1869 
1869 
1875 



SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. 



Thomas Ewing 
T.M.T.McKennan 
Alex'r H. H. Stewart 
Robert McClelland 
Jacob Thompson 
Caleb B.Siniih 



Ohio 


1849 


Peua 


1850 


Va 


1850 


Mich 


1853 


Miss 


1S57 


Ind 


1861 



John P. Usher 
laiiies Harlan 
O. H. Browning 
jHCob D. Cox 
('olumhiis D'lano 
Zacliarinh Chandler 



Ind 

Iowa 

111 

Ohio 

Ohio 

Mich 



ISffi 
1865 
1866 
1869 
1869 
1875 



CHIEF JUSTICES U. S. SUPREME COURT. 



John Jav 


N.Y. 


1789 


iloger B. Taney 


Md 


1836 


Jolin RntlPdee 


S. C. 


1795 


■Salmon P. Clmse 


Ohio 


1864 


Oliver Ellsworth 


Conn 


1796 


Morrison R, Waite 


Ohio 


1874 


John Marshall 


iVa 


1801 









ASSOCIATE JUSTICES U. S. SUPREME COURT. 



John Rut ledge 


S. C 


1789 


Henry Baldwin 


Penn 


1830 


William Cushing 


Mass 


1789 


James M. Wayne 
Philip P. Barbour 


Ga 


1835 


James Wilson 


Penn 


1789 


Va 


1836 


John Blair 


Va 


1789 


•lohn Catron 


Tenn 


1837 


Robert H. Harrison 


Md 


1789 


William Smith 


Ala 


1837 


James Iredell 


N. C 


1790 


John McKinler 


Ala 


1837 


Thomas Johtison 


Md 


1791 


Peter V. Daniel 


Va 


1841 


William Patterson 


N.J 


1793 


•^nmnel Nel'^nn 


N. Y 


1815 


Samuel Chise 


Md 


179r, 


Ja'V\ Wondbuvy 


iN.H 


1845 


Bushrod Washington 


Va 


179S 


Robert C. Gri<'r 


Penn 


1846 


Alfred Moore 


N. C 


1799 


Beniamin R. Curtis 


Mass 


18:-. 1 


William Johnson 


S C 


1804 


James A. CMmpbell 


Ala 


1853 


Brock Livingston 


N.Y 


1806 


Nathan Clifford 


Me 


1858 


Thomas Todd 


Kv 


1897 


\oah H. Swavne 


Ohio 


1862 


Jos-ph Story 


Mass 


1811 


^Mmnel F. Miller 


Tow a 


1862 


Gabriel Duvnl 


\((l 


I'^ll 


David Davis 


Til 


1862 


Smith Thomnson 


V.Y 


1823 


-^r..phpn J. Fipld 


c.a 


1863 


Rob(M-t T'-imble 


Kv 


18'>6 


William M. Strong 


Pa 


1870 


J <hn McLean 


Ohio 


1829 


Joseph P. Bradley 


N.J 


1870 



Ward Hunt 



! 1S72 



90 KAME3 OF SPEAKERS. 

NAMES OF THE SPEAKERS 

OF THE 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

From 1739 to 1872. 



1st Congress. — Frederick Augustus MunLENBURon, of 
Pennsylvania, was elected speaker.of the house of repre- 
sentatives, April 1, 1789, and served to March 3, 1791. 

'2d Congress. — Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, was 
elected speaker, and served from the 24th of October, 
1791, to March 3, 1793. 

Sd Congress. — Frederick Augustus Muhlenburgii, of 
Pennsylvania, was elected speaker, and served from De- 
cember 2, 1793, to 3d of March, 1795. 

4i7i and Wi Congresses. — Jonathan Dayton, of New Jer- 
sey, was elected speaker, and served from 7th of Decem- 
ber, 1795, to 3d of March, 1799. 

Qth Congress. — Tii^OTfOU^ Sedgwick, of ^tassachusetts, 
was elected speaker, and served from 2d December, 1799, 
to 3d March, 1801. 

Ith, Sth and 9th Congresses.— '^atha-si^t.Uaco^, of North 
Carolina, was elected speaker, and served from 7th Decem- 
ber, 1801, to March 3, 1807. 

10^^ and nth Congresses.— J os-evu B. Varnum, of Massa- 
chusetts, was elected speaker, and served from October 
26, 1807, to 3d March, 1811. 

12th, IWi, Uth, 15th and IGth Congresses.— Ui::sjiy Clay, 
of Kentucky, was elected speaker, and served from 4th 
November, 1811, to 3d March, 1821. 
llth Congress. — Fnihir P. Barbour, of Virginia, was 
elected speaker, and served from od December, 1821, to 
8d of March, 1823. 



N-AMES^ OF SPEAKEIiS. 91 

18th Congress. — Henry Clay, of Kentucky, was elected 

speaker, and served from 1st of December, 1823, to March 

3, 1825. 
19th Congress. — John W. Taylor, of New York, was 

elected speaker, and served from December 5, 1825, to 

March 3, 1827. 
20ih, 21st, 22d and 2od Congresses.— k^Ttn^w Stephenson, 

of Virginia, was elected speaker, and served from 3d 

December, 1827, to 3d of June, 1834 ; and John Bell, 

of Tennessee, was, on the 4th of June, 1834, elected to 

serve out the balance of the 23d Congress, which ended 

on the 3d of March, 1835. 
Z4tth and 25t7i Congresses. — James K. Polk, of Tennesseej 
» was elected speaker, and served from 7th December, 

1835, to March 3, 1839. 
2Qth Congress. — Robert M. T. Hunter, of Virginia, was 

elected speaker, and served from the IGtli of December, 

1839. to March 3, 1841. 
21th Congress. — John White, of Kentucky, was elected 

speaker, and served from 31st May, 1841, to March 3, 

1843. 
28th Congress.— John W. Jones, of Virginia, was elected 

speaker, and served from 4th December 1843, to March 

3. 1845. 
29th Congress. — John W, Davis, of Indiana, was elected 

speaker, and served from 1st December 1845, to March 

3, 1847. 
SO^;^ Congress. — Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, 

was elected speaker, and served from the 6th of Decem- 
ber, 1847, to March 3. 1849. 
Blst Congress. — Hov^ell Cobb, of Georgia, was elected 

speaker, and served from 24th December, 1849, to March 

3,1851. 
32(Z and dSd Congresses. — Linn Boyd, of Kentucky, was 

elected speaker, and served from 4th December, 1851, to 

March 3, 1855. 



92 NAMES OF SPEAKEKS. 

BAth Congress.— Natkat^ieJj P. Banks, Jr., of Massachu- 
setts, was elected speaker, and served from February 2, 

185G, to March 3, 1857. 
Both Congress. — James L. Orr, of South Carolina, was 

elected speaker, and served from December 7, 1857, to 

March 3, 1859. 
BGtJi, Congress. — William Pexnington, of New Jersey, 

was elected speaker, February 1, 1860, and served to 

March 3, 18G1. 
olth Congress. — Galusha A. Grow, of Pennsylvania, was 

elected speaker, July 4, 18G1, and served to March 8, 

18G3. 
Z^th Congress. — Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, was elected 

speaker, December 7, 18G3, and served to March 4, 18G5. 
BWi Congress. — Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, was elected 

speaker December 4, 18G5, and served to March 4, 1867. 
40^7i Congress. — Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, was elected 

speaker March 4, 1867, and served to March 4, 1869. 
4l5^ Congress. — James G. Blaine, of Maine, was elected 

speaker, March 4, 1869, to serve to March 4, 1871. 
42d. Congress. — James G. Blaine, of Maine, was elected 

speaker, March 4, 1871, to serve to March 4, 1873. 
43£f. Congress. — James G. Blaine, of Maine, was elected 

speaker, March 4, 1873, to serve to March 4, 1875. 
4:Hh Congress. — Michael C. Kerr, of Indiana, wag elected 
speaker, March 4, 1875, to serve to March 4, 1877. 



EIISTINfi GOYERNMENT Of tlie UNITED STATES, 

AND THE PRINCIPAL OFFICERS THEREOF. 
1876. 

THE EXECUTIVE. 
ULYSSES S. GRANT, of Illinois, President of the U.S. 
THOMAS W. FERKE,of Mich., Vice-President, ex-officio, 
as President pro tern, of Senate. 

THE CABINET. 
HAMILTON FISH of Nev^ York, Secretary/ of State. 
BENJAMIN H. BRISTOW, of Kentucky, Sec. of the Treas. 
ALPHONSO TAFT, ot Ohio, Secretary of War. 
GEO. M. ROBESON, of New Jersey, Sec. of the Navy. 
ZACHABIAH CHANDLER, of Mich., Sec. of the Interior. 
MARSHALL JEWELL, of Conn., Post Master General. 
EDWARD PIERREPONT,of New York, Attorney-General. 

THE JUDICIARY. 
MORRISON R. WAITE, of Ohio, Chief Justice. 
NATHAN CLIFFORD, of Maine, Associate Justice. 
NOAH H. SWAYNE, of Ohio, 
SAMUEL F. MILLER, of Iowa, 
DAVID DAVIS, of Illinois, 
STEPHEN J. FIELD, of California, ** 
WILLIAM M. STRONG, of Pa., 
JOSEPH P. BRADLEY, of N. J., 
WARD HUNT, of New York, 

MINISTERS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS 

PLENIPOTENTIAR Y. 
Country Capital. Minister. State. 

Austria Vienna Godlove S. Orth Ind. 

Brazil Rio Janeiro. . . . James R. Partridge Ind. 

Chili Santiago Cornelius A. Logan Kan. 

China Pekin George F. Seward N. Y. 

France Paris Elihu B. Washburne 111. 

Gt. Britain. ..London 

Italy Florence George P. Marsh Vt. 

Mexico Mexico John W. Foster Ind. 

Peru Lima Richard Gibbs N. Y. 

Germany Berlin. . . , J. Bancroft Davis N. Y. 

Russia St. Petersburg. George H. Boker Pa. 

Spain Madrid Caleb Cushing. , . , Mass. 

93 



94 



MINISTERS AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS. 



MINISTERS RESIDENT. 

Country. Capital. Minister. State. 

Art^entinc Republic. Buenos Ayres Thomas O. Osbom 111. 

Beu^inm Brussels Ayres P. Merrill 

Bolivia Cochabamba Robert M. Reynolds Ala. 

Costa Rica San Jose Jacob B. Blair W. V. 

Denmark Copenhagen M.J, Cramer Ky. 

Ecuador Quito Christian Wnlwcbber Iowa. 

Guatemala Guatemala George Williamson La. 

Hawaiian Islands... Honolulu Henry A. Pierce Ma.ss. 

Japan Yeddo John A. Bingham Ohio. 

Netherlands Hague Francis B. Stockbridge.. . .Mich. 

Portugal Lisbon Benjamin Moran Pa. 

Sweden and Norway. Stockholm C. C. Andrews Minn. 

Switzerland Berne Horace Rublee Wis. 

Turkey Constantinople. Horace Maynard Tenn. 

Uruguay Montevideo John C. Caldwell La. 

Venezuela Caracas Thomas Russell Mass. 

MINISTERS RESIDENT AND CONSULS GENERAL. 

Conntnj. Capital. jMinister. State. 

Hayti Port-au-Prince E. 1). Bassett Conn. 

Liberia Monrovia J. Milton Turner Mo. 



(JOVERNORS OF TERRITORIES. 



Territories. 



Alaska 

♦Arizona 

Colorado 

Dakota 

Dist. of Columbia 
Indian Territory. 

Idaho 

Montana 

New Mexico 

Utah 

Washington 

Wvominir 



Capitals. 



Sitka 

Arizona City 

Denver 

Yancton. . . . 
Washington . 
Tahlequah . . 
Boise City.. . 

Helena 

Santa Fee. .. 
SaltLakeCity 

Olympia 

Clievt-nne . . . 



Governors. 



O. O. Howard, M. Gen. 

A. P. R. Safford 

John L. Routt 

John L. Pennington. .. 



David P. Thompson. 
Benjamin F. Potts . 
Samuel B. Axtell ... 
(ieorge W. Fernery. . . 

Elisha P. Ferry 

John M. Thavcr . . . . 



Area 

pq. 

Miles. 



5rr.3no 

12t),141 
104,.5OO 
142,713 

«;o 

68.0f)] 
90.!):J2 

M3,7r(; 

121.201 
88,05(i 
69.!>!»4 
97.8a-J 



Popu- 
lation. 



1.5,240 
41,710 
39,8()-t 
14.181 

131.700 
(')8.ir>2 
20,r,H3 
39.8!)5 

111.303 
99,4t)0 
37,402 
ll..')18 



*Lacludc3 Indians. 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 



95 



UHTED STATES GOYERMENL 

January 1st, 1876. 

List of Memliers of tie" Forty-Fourtli Coapess. 

Began March 4tli, 1875, and ends March 3d, 1877. 



SENATE. 




pREsrDENT, pro tempore, Thojias W. Ferre, of Michic/an. 
Secretary, George C. Goruam, of California 




Term Expires. 
Alahama. 
George Goldthwaite ... 1877 
George E. Spencer 1879 


Term Expires. 
Delaware. 

Eli Saulshury 1877 

Thomas F. Bayard. . . 1881 


Arkansas. 

Powell Clayton 

Stephen W. Dorsey.. 


1877 
1879 


Florida. 

Simon B. Conover 

Charles W. Jones 


1879 
1881 


California. 

Aaron A. Sargent 

Newton Booth 


. 1879 
. 1881 


Georgia. 
Thomas M. Norwood. . 
John B. Gordon 


1877 
1879 


Connecticut. 

James E. English 

William W. Eaton. . . 


. 1879 
. 1881 


Illinois. 

John A. Logan 

Richard J. Oglesby . . . 


1877 
1879 


Indiana. 

Oliver P. Morton 

Joseph E. McDonald. 


. 1879 

. 1881 


Nebraska. 
Phineas W. Hitchcock 
Algernon S. Paddock . 


1877 
1881 


Iowa. 
George G. Wright. . . 
William B.Allison.. 


. 1877 
1879 


Nevada. 

John P. Jones 

William Sharon 


1879 
1881 


Kansas. 

James M. Harvey 

John J. Ingalls 


. 1877 
1879 


New Hampshire. 

Aaron S. Cragin 

Bainbridge Wadleigh 


1877 
1879 


Kentucky. 
John W. Stevenson.. . 
Thomas C. McCrecry . 


1877 
1879 


New Jersey. 
F. T. Frelinghuysen. . 
Theodore F. Mandolph 


1877 
1881 



96 



FORTY FOURTH CONGRESS. 



Term 


Expires. 


Term Expires. 


Louisiana. 




New York. 




J. Rodman West..., 


.. 1877 


Roscoe Conklin 


1879 


(Vacancy) 


. 1879 


Francis Kernan 


1881 


Maine. 




North Carolina. 




Lot M. Morrill 


. 1877 


Matthew W. Ransom. 


1877 


Hannibal Hamlin.. . 


. 1881 


Augustus S. Merrimon 


1879 


Maryland. 




Ohio. 




George Jl. Dennis. . . 


. 1879 


John Sherman 


1879 


W. Finkney ]Vhyte.. 


. 1881 


Allen G. lliurman 


1881 


Massachusetts. 




Oregon, 




George S. Bout well. 


. 1877 


James K. Kelly 


1877 


Henry L. Dawes 


. 1881 


John H. Mitchell 


1879 


Michigan. 




Pennsylvania. 
Simon Cameron 


1879 


Thomas W. Ferry. . . 
Isaac P. Christiancy . 


. 1877 
. 1881 


Williarn A. Wallace . . 
Rhode Island. 


1881 


Minnesota. 




Henry B. Anthony. . . . 


1877 


William Windom . . . 


. 1877 


Ambrose E. Burnside. 


1881 


SamuelJ.R. McMillan 1881 


South Carolina. 




Mississippi. 




Thomas J. Robertson. 


1877 


James L. Alcorn 


. 1877 


John J. Patterson 


1879 


Branch K. Bruce 


. 1881 


Tennessee. 




Missouri. 




Henry Cooper 


1877 


Louis V. Bogy 


. 1879 


David M. Key 


1881 


Francis M. Cockrell. . 


. 1881 


West Virginia. 




Ti xas. 




Henry G. Davis 


1877 


Morgan C. Hamilton 1877 


Allen 2\ Caperton 


1881 


Samuel B. Maxey.. . 


. 1881 


Wisconsin. 




Vermont. 




Timothy 0. Howe 


1877 




Angus Cameron 


.1881 


Justin S. Morrill 


. 1879 






George F. Edmunds . 


. 1881 


'f he whole number oj 


Sen- 




ators is IJ, ; of whom there 


Virginia. 




are 42 Republicans, £9 Dem- 


John W. Johnston.. . . 


. 1877 


ocrats, 2 Lidependents, 


and 


Robert E. Withers . . . 


. 1881 


1 Vacancy. 





Democrats in Italics. Independent in small caps. 
Republicans in Roman. 



rOKTY FOURTH CONGEESS, 



97 



HOUSE or" I1EI»I1DE:SE]VTA.TIVE8. 

Fortj-Fourtli Congress. March, 1875, to March, 1877. 



MICHAEL C. KERR, of Indiana, Speaker, 
OEORGE M. ADAMS, of Kentucky, Clerk. 



Alabama — 8, 

1. Jerry Haralson, 

2. Jeremiah N, Williams, 

3. Taul Bradford. 

4. Charles Hayes. 

5. John H. Caldwell. 

6. Goldsmith W, Hewitt. 
At large, Burwell B. Lewis. 

William H. Forney. 

Arkansas — 4. 

1. Lucien C. Gause, 

2. William F. Siemens. 

3. William W, Wilshire, 

4. Thomas M. Gunter. 

California — 4. 

1. William A. Piper, 

2. Horace F. Page, 

3. John K. Luttrell, 

4. P. D. Wigginton. 

Connecticut — 4. 

1. George M. Landers. 

2. James Phelps. 

3. Henry H, Starkweather.* 

4. William H. Barnum, 

DelaiDare — 1. 

1. James Williams. 

Florida — 2. 

1. William J. Purman. 

2. Josiah T. Walls. 

Georgia — 9. 

1, Julian Hartridge. 

2. William E. Smith, 

3, Philip Cook, 

4. Henry R. Harris. 



5. Milton A. Candler. 

6. James H. Blount. 

7. William H. Felton. 

8. Alexander H, Stephens. 

9. Benjamin H, Hill, 

Illinois — 19. 

1. Bernard G, Caulfield. 

2. Carter H, Harrison. 

3. Charles B. Farwell. 

4. Stephen A, Hurlburt. 

5. Horatio C. Burchard. 

6. Thomas J. Henderson. 

7. Alexander Campbell. 

8. Greenbury L. Fort. 

9. Richard H, Whiting. 

10. John C, Bagby, 

11. Scott Wike, 

12. William M. Springer, 

13. Adlai E. Stevenson. 

14. Joseph G, Cannon, 
J 5. John R. Eden, 

16. William A. J, Sparks. 

17. William R. Morrison. 

18. William Hartzell. 

19. William B, Anderson. 

Indiana — 13. 

1. Benoni S. Fuller. 

2. James D. Williams. 

3. Michael C. Kerr. 

4. Jeptha D. New, 

5. William S, Holman. 

6. Milton S. Robinson. 

7. Franklin Landers. 

8. Morton C. Hunter. 

9. Thomas J. Cason. 

10. W^illiam S. Haymond. 



^Deceased. 



f Seat contested. 



93 



PORTT-FOURTn CONGRESS. 



11. James L. Evans. 

12. Andrew II. Hamilton. 

13. Johu H. Baker. 

Iowa—0. 

1. Georofe W. McCrarj. 

2. John Q, Tufts. 

3. Lucien L. Ainsworth. 

4. Henry O. Pratt. 

5. Jamea Wilson. 

6. Ezekiel S. Sampson. 

7. John A. Kasson, 

8. James W. McDill. 

9. Addison Oliver. 

Kansas — 3. 

1. William A. Phillips. 

2. John K. Goodwin. 

3. William K. Brown. 

Kcntuclaj — 10. 

1. Andrew R. Boone, 

2. John Young Brown, 

3. Charles W. Mil liken. 

4. J. Proctor Knott. 

5. Edward Y. Parsons. 
G. Thomas L. Jones. 

7. Joseph C. S. Blackburn. 

8. Milton J. Durham. 

9. John D. White. 

10. John B. Clarke. 

Louisiana — 6. 

1. Randall L. Gibson. 

2. E. John Ellis. 

8. Chester B. Darrall.f 

4. William M. Levy. 

5. Frank Morey.f 

6. Charles E. Nash. 

Ifaine — 5. 

1. John II. Burleigh. 

2. William B. Frye. 

3. James (J. Blaine. 

4. Harris M. Plaisted. 

5. Eugene Hale. 



Maryland— Q. 

1. Philip F. Thomas. 

2. Charles B. Roberts. 

3. William J. O'Brien. 

4. Thomas Swann. 

5. Eli J.Henkle. 

G. William Walsh. 

IfassacJi usetts — 1 1 . 

" 1. William W. Crape. 

2. Benjamin W. Harris. 

3. Henry L. Pierce. 

4. Rutus S. Frost. f 

5. Nathaniel P. Banks. 
G. Charles P. Thompson, 

7. John K. Tarbox. 

8. William W. Warren. 

9. George F. Hoar. 

10. Julius II. Seelye. 

11. Chester W. Chapin. 

Micldfjan — 9. 

1. Alpheus S. Williams. 

2. Henry Waldron. 

3. George Willard. 

4. Allen Potter. 

5. William B. Williams. 
G. George H. Durand. 

7. Ouiar D. Conger. 

8. Nathan B. Bradley. 

9. Jay A. Hubbell. 

Minnesota — 3. 

1. Mark H. Bunnell. 

2. Horace B. Strait t 

3. William S. King. \ 

Mississippi — 6. '\ 

1. Lucius Q. C. Lamar. 

2. G. Wiley Wells. 

3. Hernando D. Money. 

4. Otho R. Singleton. 

5. Charles E. Hooker. 
G. John R. Lynch. 

Missouri — 13. 
1. Edward C. Kehr. 



FORTY- FOURTH CONGRESS. 



09 



2. Erastus Wells. 

3. William H. Stone. 

4. Robert A. Hatcher. 

5. Richard P. Bland. 

6. Charles H. Morgan. 

7. John F. Phillips. 

8. Benjamin J. Franklin. 

9. David Rea. 

10. Rezin A. DeBolt. 

11. JohnB. Clark Jr. 
13. John M. Glover. 
13. Aylett II. Buckner. 

JSfeTjraska — 1. 
1. Lorenzo Crounse. 
Nevada — 1. 
1. William Woodburn. 
New Hampshire — 3. 

1. Frank Jones. 

2. Samuel N. Bell. 

3. Henry W. Blair. 

New Jersey — 7. 

I. Charles H. Sinnickson. 
3. Samuel A. Dobbins. 

3. Miles Ross. 

4. Robert Hamilton. 

5. Augustus W. Cutler. 
C. Frederick H. Teese. 

7. Augustus A. Hardenbergh. 
New Tork—^^. 

1. Henry B, Metcalfe, 

2. John G. Schumaker, 

3. Simeon B. Chittenden. 

4. Archibald M. Bliss. 

5. Edwin R. Meade. 
C. Samuel S. Cox. 

7. Smith Ely Jr. 

8. Elijah Ward. 

9. Fernando Wood. 
10. Abram S.Hewitt. 

II. Benjamin A, Willis. 
13. N. Holmes Odell. 

13. John 0. Whitehouse. 

14. George M. Beebe. 



15. John H. Bagley Jr. 

16. Charles H. Adams. 

17. Martin I, Townsend. 

18. Andrew Williams. 

19. William A. Wheeler. 

20. Henry II. Hathorn. 

21. Samuel F. Miller. 
23. George A. Bagley. 

23. Scott Lord. 

24. William H. Baker. 

25. Elias W, Leavenworth. 
20. ( linton D. MacDougall. 

27. Elbridge G. Lapham. 

28. Thomas C. Piatt. 

29. Charles C. B. Walker. 

30. John M. Davy. 

31. George G. Haskins. 
33. Lyman K. Bass. 
33. Nelson J, Norton. 

North Carolina — 8. 
1. Jesse J. Yeates. 
3. John A. Hyman. 

3. Alfred M. Waddell. 

4. Joseph J. Davis. 

5. Alfred M. Scales. 

6. Thomas S. Ashe. 

7. William M. Bobbins. 

8. Robert B. Vance. 

Oregon — 1. 

I. Lafayette Lane. 

Ohio— 20. 

1. Milton Sayler. 

2. Henry B. Banning. ; 

3. John S. Savage. 

4. John A. McMahon. 

5. Americus V. Rice. 

6. Frank H. Hurd. 

7. Lawrence T. Neal. 

8. William Lawrence. 

9. Earley F. Pappleton. 
10. Charles Foster. 

II. John L. Vance. 
13. Ansel T. Walling. 
13. Milton I. Southard. 



100 



FORTY FOUKTU CONGRESS. 



14. Jacob p. Cowan. 

15. Nelson II. Van Vorlies. 

16. Lorenzo Danford. 

17. Laiiriu D. W^oodwortli. 

18. James Monroe. 
10. James A. Garfield. 
20. Henrj B. Payne. 

Pennsylvania — 27. 

1. Cliapman Freeman. 

2. Charles O'Neill 

3. Samuel J. Randall. 

4. William D. Kelly. 

5. John Robbins. 

6. Washington Townsend. 

7. Alan Wood Jr. 

8. Heister Clymer. 

9. A. Ilerr Smith. 

10. William Mutchler. 

11. Francis D. Collins. 

13. Winthrop W. Ketchum. 

13. James B. Reilly. 

14. John B. Packer. 

15. Joseph Powell. 
10. Sobieski Ross. 
17. John Reilly. 

18.- William S. Stenger. 
10. Levi Maish. 

20. Louis A. Mackey. 

21. Jacob Turney. 

22. James II. Hopkins. 

23. Alexander G. Cochran. 

24. John W. Wallace. 

25. Geo. A. Jenks. 
20. James Slieakley. 
27. Albert G. Egbert. 



Ilhode Island — 2. 
Benjamin T. Fames. 



Latimer W. Ballon. 
South Carolina — 5. 

1. Joseph 11. Rainey. 

2. Edward W. M. Mackey 
8. Solomon L. lloge. 

4. Alexander S. Wallace. 

5. Robert Smalls. 



Tennessee — 10. 

1. William McFarland. 

2. Jacob M. Thornburgh. 

3. George B. Dibrell. 

4. J. Y. Riddle. 

5. John M. Bright. 
0. John F. House. 

7. Wash. C. Whitthorne. 

8. John D. C. Atkins. 

9. William P. Caldwell. 
10. H. Casey Young. 

Texas— Q. 

1. John II. Reagan. 

2. David B. Culberson, 

3. James W. Throckmorton. 

4. Roger Q. Mills. 

5. John Hancock. 

0. Gustave Schleicher. 



Vermont — 3. 
Charles II. Joyce. 
Dudley C. Denison. 
George W. Hendee. 

Virginia — 9. 
Beverly B. Douglas. 
John Goode Jr. 
Gilbert C. Walker. 
William II. H. Slowell. 
George C. Cabell. 
John Randolph Tucker. 
John T. Harris. 
Eppa Ilunton. 
William Terry. 

West Virginia — 3. 
Benjamin Wilson. 
Charles J. Faulkner. 
Frank Hereford. 

Wisconsin — 8. 
Charles (}. Williams. 
Lucien B. Caswell. 
Henry S. Magoon. 
William Pitt Lynde. 
Samuel 1). Burchard. 
A Ian son M. Kimball. 
Jeremiah M. Rusk. 
Go^rijfe W. Cate. 



STATE GOVERNMENTS. 



101 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE SEVERAL STATES 

1876. 



states. 


Capitals. 


Governors. 


Terms 
Expire. 


Sala- 
ries. 


Alabama 


Montgomery. 


George S. Houston 


Nov 1876 


$4,000 


Arkansas 


Little"Kock 


Augustus 11. Garland 


Jan 1877 


4,000 


California 


Sacramento 


William Irtvin 


Dec 1879 


7,000 


Connecticut 


Hartford 


Charles B. Ingersoll 


Dec 1876 


2,000 


Delaware 


Dover 


John P. Cochran 


Jan 1879 


2,000 


Florida 


Tallahasse 


Marcellus L. Stearns 


Jan 1877 


3,500 


Georgia 


Atlanta 


Javus Milton Smith 


Jan 1877 


4,000 


Illinois 


Springfield 


John L. Beveridge 


Jan 1877 


5,000 


Indiana 


Indianapolis 


rhmnasA. Hendricks 


Jan 1877 


3,000 


Iowa 


Des Moines 


Samuel J. Kirkwood 


Jan 1878 


2,500 


Kansas 


Topeka 


Thomas A. Osborn 


Jan 1877 


3,000 


Kentucky- 


Frankfort 


James B. McCreenj 


Sept 1879 


5,000 


Louisiana 


New Orleans 


William Pitt Kellogg 


Jan 1877 


8,000 


Maine 


Augusta 


Selden Connor 


Jan 1877 


2.500 


Maryland 


Annapolis 


John Lee Carroll 


Jan 1880 


4,500 


Massachusetts 


Boston 


Alexander H. Rice 


Jan 1877 


5,000 


Michij?an 


Lansing 


John J.Bagley 


Jan 1877 


1.000 


Minnesota 


St. Paul 


John S. Pillsbury 


Jan 1878 


3,000 


Mississippi 


Jackson 


Adelbcrt Ames 


Jan 1878 


3.000 


Missouri 


Jefferson City 


Charles H. Hardin 


Jan 1877 


5,000 


Nebraska 


Lincoln 


Silas Garber '- 


Jan 1877 


1,000 


Nevada 


Carson City- 


Lmis B. Bradley 


Jan 1877 


6,000 


New Hampshire 


Concord 


Person C. Cheeney 


June 1876 


1,000 


New Jersey 


Trenton 


Joseph I). Bedle 


Jan 1878 


5,000 


New York 


Albany 


Samuel J. Tiklen 


June 1877 


10,000 


North Carolina 


Raleigh 


Curtis H. Brogden 


Jan 1877 


4,000 


Ohio 


Coluiiibus 


Rutherford B. Hayes 


Jan 1878 


4,000 


Oregon 


Salem 


Lafayette F. Grover 


Sept 187'8 


1,500 


Pennsylvania 


Harrisburg 


John F. Hartranft 


Jan 1879 


10,000 


Rhode Island 


Prov. & Npt. 


Henry Lippitt 


May 1876 


1,000 


South Carolina 


Columbia 


DanielH. Chamberlain 


Nov 1878 


3.500 


Tennessee 


Nashville 


James D. Porter Jr. 


Jan 1878 


3.000 


Texas 


Austin 


Bichard Coke 


Jan 1878 


5,000 


Vermont 


Montpelier 


Asahel Peck 


Oct 1876 


1,000 


Virginia 


Richmond 


James L. Kemper 


Jan 1878 


5,000 


West Virginia 


Charlestown 


John J. Jacob 


Mar 1877 


2,700 


Wisconsin 


Madison 


Harrison Ludington 


Jan 1878 


5,000 



Democrats in Italics. 



102 



STATE GOVEUXMENTS. 



G0VERX3IEXTS OF THE SEVERAL STATES. 

(CONTINUED.) 



States 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

Califoruia 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts ... 

Michigan 

IMinncsota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada , 

Kew Hampshire.. 

Kew Jorsry 

New York 

North Carolina... 

Ohio 

Oregon 

I'cnnsylvania 

lihode Island 

South Carolina... 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia.... 
Wiscoiuiln 



Area. 


Populn- 


sq miles 


tiou. 1870 


r>0,722 


996,992 


52,198 


481.171 


188 .98 1 


5G0.247 


4,750 


537.451 


2,120 


125.015 


5'.»,248 


187,748 


58,000 


1.184.109 


55,-no 


2,539.8'.)! 


83,809 


1,680,637 


55,045 


1,191.792 


81,313 


364,309 


87,680 


1,321.011 


41.346 


726.915 


S5,tX)0 


026,915 


11,121 


780,891 


7,800 


1.457,351 


56,451 


1,181,0.59 


83,5^1 


439,706 


47,156 


827,922 


65,330 


1,721,205 


75,995 


122.993 


i. 81,531 


42,491 


9,280 


318,300 


8,820 


906,096 


47,000 


4,332,753 


50,704 


1,071 ,.361 


80.961 


2,665,260 


95,274 


90,923 


40,000 


3,521,791 


1,3(6 


217,353 


34,000 


703,606 


45,600 


1,258,520 


274,356 


818,579 


10,212 


330,051 


88,852 


1,225,163 


23,000 


4 12,014 


5:!.9::4 


l.(r,t.670 



Legi.slaturcs 
Meet 



3 M Nov. . . . 

1 M.Ian 

1 MI)>-c 

1 WMay.... 
'1 Tu Jan... 

r al M Jan.. 

n WJan 

n M Jan 

n WJan 

*2M Jan 

2Tu Jan.... 
'IMDec 

1 M Jan 

1 "N\"Jan 

nWJan 

WJan 

n WJan 

TalM Ja:.. 
TalM Jan.. 
*Last M Dec. 
*Th a 1 M Jan 

*1M Jan 

1 M June 

2 Tu Jan — 
1 Tu Jan.... 
IThNov.... 

*1 M Jan 

2M S<^pt.... 
ITu Jan.... 
May & Jan.. 

3 W Oct 

»1 M Oct 

2Tu Jan.... 
«2Th Oct.... 

1 U Dec 

2Tu Jan.... 
1 WJan 



State Elections 



Tu aft 1 M Nov 
1 Monday Nov 
1 Wed Sept 
1 Monday April 

1 Tuesday Aug 
Tu aft 1 M Nov 
Tu aft 1 M Nov 
Tu aftl M Nov 

2 Tuesday Oct 
2 Tuesday Oct 
Tu aft 1 M Nov 
1 ^Monday Aug 

1 A'onday Nov 

2 Monday Sept 
Tu aft IIM Nov 
Tu aft 1 M Nov 
Tu aft 1 M Nov 
Tu aftl M N»v 
Tu aft 1 M Nov 
Tu aft 1 M Nov 
2 Tuesday Oct 
Tu aft 1 M Nov 
2 Tuesday Mar 
Tu aft 1 M Nov 
Tu aft 1 M Nov 
ITlmrsdayAug 
2 Tuesday Oct 
2 Monday June 
2 Tuesday Oct 

1 AVed April 
4 Monday Nov 
1 Monday Aug 
1 Tuesday Nov 
1 Tuesdaj- Sept 
Tu aft 1 M Nov 
4 Thursdny Oct 
Tn aftl ^^ Nov 



*£iennial <S'CiSion« a7id Elections. 



RESULTS AT THE LATEST STATE ELECTIONS. 



MAINE,— In 1875, total vote for Governor, 110,298, viz: 
Selden Conner, Rep. 57,085 ; Roberts, Dem. 53,213. Con- 
ner's majority over Roberts, 3,872. 

RepubLicaii majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 33. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE.— In 1876. total vote for Governor, 
80,288, viz ; Person C. Cbeeney, Rep. 41,765 ; Marcy, Dem. 
38,128 ; rest were scattering. Cheeney over Marcy, 3,637. 
Over all, 3,242. 

RepuUican majority on Joint Ballot in 1875, in the Legis- 
lature, was 7. 



VERMONT.— In 1874. total vote for Governor, 46,840, 
viz : Asaliel Peck, Rep. 33,582 ; Bingham, Dem. 13,253. 
Peck over Bingham, 20,324. 

BepuUican majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 138. 



MASSACHUSETTS.— In 1875, total vote for Governor 
was 173,185, viz : Alexander H. Rice, Rep. 83,639 ; Gaston, 
Dem. 78,333; Baker, Temp. 9,124; Adams, Ind. 1,497; 
Scattering, 592. Rice over Gaston, 5,306. 

MepuUican majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature,!^^. 



CONNECTICUT.— In 1876, total vote for Governor, 98, 
645, viz : Ingersoll, Dem. 51,145 ; Robinson, Rep. 43,621; 
Smith, Temp. 1,905 ; Atvvater, Inflation, 1,974. Ingersoll 
over Robinson, 7,524, 

Democraiio majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 89. 



RHODE ISLAND.— In 1876, total vote for Governor, 17, 
344, viz : Lippitt, Rep. 8,357 ; Howard, Proh. 6,385 ; Beach, 
Dem. 2,602. Lippitt over Howard, 1,972, but not receiving 
a majority over all, he was not elected by the people, but 
probably will be by the Legislature, it being largely Re- 
publican. 

103 



104 STATE ELECTIONS. 

NEW YORK.— Tbtal vote for Governor in 1874, 794,959^ 
viz: Samuel J. Tilden, Dem. 416,391; Dix, Rep 366 074- 
Clark, Temp. 11,768. Rest scattering. Tilden over Dix. 
50,317. Total vote for Secretary of State in 1875, 777,663 
of which Bigelow, Dem. received 390,^11 ; Seward, Rep. 
375,401. 

Mepuhlieanmajonty on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 22. 



NEW JERSEY.— Total vote for Governor in 1874,181, 
333, viz : Joseph D. Bedle, Dem. 97,28a ; Halsey, Rep. 84, 
OoO. Bedle's majority, 13,233. 

Republican majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 17. 



PENNSYLVANIA.— Total vote for Governor in 1875, 
609,564, viz: John F. Hartranft, Rep. 304,175 ; Pershincr^ 
Dem. 292,145 ; Brown. Temp. 13,214. Hartranft over 
Pershing, 13,030. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 7. 



DELAWARE.— Total vote for Governor in 1874, 23,749, 
viz: John P. Cochran, Dem. 12,488. Jump, Rep. 11,259. 
Cochran over Jump, 1,229. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 28. 



MARYLAND.— In 1875, total vote for Governor, 157,984, 
viz: John Lee Carrol], 85,454 ; Harris, Rep. 72,530. Car- 
roll over Harris, 12, 924. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature,. 40. 



VIRGINIA.— Total vote for Governor, 214,237, viz: 
James L. Kemper, Cons. 120,738; Hughes, Rad. 93,499. 
Kemper over Hughes, 27,239. 

Conservative {Dem.) majority on Joint Ballot in Legisla- 
ture, 101. 



WEST VIRGINIA.— Total vote for Governor, 83,193, 
viz: John J. Jacob, lad. Dem. 42,738; Camden, Dem. 
40,305. Jacob over Camden, 2,583. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature,, 53. , 



STATE ELECTIONS. 105 

NORTH CAROLINA.— Election for Supt. Public In- 
Btruction, in 1874, total number of votes, 182,398, viz: 
Stephen D. Pool, Dem. 98,217, Purnell, Rep. 84,181. Pool 
over Purnell, 14,036. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 78. 



SOUTH CAROLINA.— Total vote for Governor in 1874. 
149,217, viz: Daniel H. Chamberlain, Reg. Rep. 80,403 J 
Green, Ind. Rep. 68,814. Chamberlain over Green, 11,589. 

Beg. Rep. majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 11. 



GEORGIA.— Total vote for Governor, 150,172, viz : 
James Milton Smith, Dem. 103,529 ; Walker, Rep. 46,643. 
Smith over Walker, 56,886. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 203. 



FLORIDA. — Congressional vote in 1874. Total vote, 
36,164, viz: Rep. 18,609. Dem. 17,555. Rep. majority 
1,054. 

Democratic majority, on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 4. 



ALABAMA.— In 1874, total vote for Governor, 201,046* 
viz : Geo. S. Houston, Dem. 107,118 ; Lewis, Rep. 93,928- 
Houston over Lewis, 13,190. In the State Legislature 6 
Senators, and 29 Representatives of the Republicans, are 
of the colored race. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 27. 



MISSISSIPPI.— Total vote for Governor in 1873, 127,211, 
viz: Adelbert Ames, Reg. Rep. 74,307; Alcorn, Ind. Rep. 
52,904 ; Ames's majority 21,403. At an election for Treas- 
urer in 1875, Hemmingway, Dem. received 96,806 votes, and 
Buchanan, Rep. 66,659. Hemmingway over Buchanan, 
80,147. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 92. 



LOUISIANA.— At an election for Treasurer in 1874, the 
total vote was 146,863, viz : Moncure, Dem. 74,901 ; Dubu- 
ciet. Rep. 71,962. Democratic majority, 2,939. 
Anti-Republican majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature ^ 5. 



106 STATE ELECTIONS. 

TEXAS.— Total vote for Governor, 152,337, viz : Ricliard 
Coke, Dem. 99,08-1 ; Davis, Ki^p. 52,353. 
Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 90. 



OHIO.— Total vote for Governor in 1875, 590,000, viz : 
R. B. Hayes, Rep. 297,817 ; Allen, Dem. 293,273. Hayea 
over Allen, 5,540. 

Mepublican majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 23. 

INDIANA.- At an election for Secretary of State in 
1874, total vote was 305,586. The majority of John E. 
Neff, Dem. over Curry, Rep. was 17,252. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 16. 

ILLINOIS.— Election for Siipt. Public Instruction in 
1874, total vote was 365,155. Etter opp. over Powell. Rep. 
30,506. At the election in 1874 for State Treasurer, Ridjjre- 
way. Rep. received 162,974 votes; Carroll opp. 128,169; 
Gore, lud. Reform, 75,580. Rid^eway over Carroll, 34,805. 

Opposition majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 18. 

KENTUCKY.— Total vote for Governor in 1875, 217,771, 
viz: James B. McCreery, Dem. 120,976 ; Harlan, Rep. 
90,795. McCreery 'a majority 30,181. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 104. 

TENNESSEE.— Total vote for Governor, 158,904. viz: 
James D. Porter Jr., Dem. 103,061 ; Maynard, Rep. 55,843. 
Porter over Maynard, 47,218. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 86. 



MICHIGAN.— Total vote for Governor in 1874, 221,423, 
viz: John G. Bagley, Rep. 111,519; Chamberlain, Dem. 
105,550 ; Carpenter, Temp. 3,937. 

liepuhlican majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 10. 

WISCONSIN.— Total vote for Governor in 1875. 170,009, 
viz : Harrison Ludinjjton, Rep. 85,155 ; Taylor, Dem. 84,- 
314. Ludinofton over Taylor, 841. 

Bcpuhlican majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 3. 

IOWA.— In 1875, total vote for Governor, 218,982. viz : 
Samuel J. Kirkwood, Rep. 125,058. Leiiler, Dem. 93,359. 
Kirk wood over Leffler, 31,699. 

Republican majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 66. 



STATE ELECTIONS. 107 

MISSOURI.— la 1874, total vote for Governor, 261,660, 
viz : Charles H. Hardin, Dem. 149,556. Gentry, Peo. 113, 
104. Hardin over Gentry, 37,452. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 73. 



ARKANSAS. — On the Constitutional Question in 1874, 
total vote for Constitution, 78.697. Against it, 34,807. 
Majority in favor, 53,890. Total vote for Governor Gar- 
land, tlie same year was, 76,453. Tlie entire Conservative 
State ticket was also elected without opposition. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot iii Legislature, 98. 



CALIFORNIA —In 1875, the total vote for Governor was, 
123,583, viz: William Irwin, Dem. 61,509 : Phelps, Rep. 
31,333; Bid well, Ind. 39,753. Irwin over Phelps, 30,187; 
over Bidwell, 31,575. 

Democratic majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 53. 



MINNESOTA.— Total vote for Governor in 1875, 83,705, 
viz: J. S. Pillsbury. Rep. 47,053; Buell, Dem. 35,168; 
Huraiston, Temp. 1.484. Pillsbury over Buell, 11,885. 

Mepublican majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 31. 



OREGON.— Whole Congressional vote in 1875, 19,674. 
Lane, Dem. received a majority of 367 over Warren, Rep. 

In the State Legislature there are 33 Democrats, 38 Repub- 
licans, and 39 Independents. 



KANSAS.— In 1874, total vote for Governor, 86,173, viz : 
Thomas A. Osborn, Rep. 48,594 ; Cusey, Dem. 35,301. Rest 
scattering. Osborn over Cusey, 13,393. 

Mepublican majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 49. 



NEVADA.— In 1874, total vote for Governor, 18,094, viz ; 
Louis R. Bradley, Dem. 10,339 ; Hazlett, Rep. 7,755. Brad- 
ley over Hazlett, 3,584. 

Republican majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 33. 



NEBRASKA.— In 1874, total vote for Governor, 46,317; 
viz: Silas Garber, Rep. 31,326; Tuxbury, Dem. 15,091. 
Republican majority on Joint Ballot in Legislature, 34. 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATIOX, 

WITH 

BIOGEAPIIICAL SKETCH. 
1789-1797. 



TWO TERMS— EIGHT YEARS. 

ZLECTED BY TUE UNANIMOUS TOTE OF THE ELECTORS. 



108 



CABINET. 



PRESIDENT : 
George Washington?, Virginia. 

VICE-PRESIDENT : 
John Adams, Massachusetts. 

SECRETARIES OF STATE : 
Thomas Jefferson, Virg:inia. 1789. 

Edmund Randolph, Virginin. 1794. 

Timothy Pickeking, Massachusetts. 1795. 

SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY : 
Alexander Hamilton, New York. 1789. 
Oliver Wolcott, Counecticut. 1795. 

SECRETARIES OF WAR AND NAVY : 
Henry Knox, Massachusetts. 1789. 

Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts. 179-1. 
James McHenry, Maryland. 1796. 

POSTMASTERS-GENERAL : 
Samuel Osgood, Massachusetts. 1789. 
Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts. 1791. 
Joseph Habersham, Georgia. 1795. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL : 
Edmund Randolph, Virginia. 1789. 

William Bradford, Pennsylvania. 1791. 
Charles Lee, Virginia. 1795. 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 



Year 


Imports 


Exports 


Expenditures 


Debt 


1790 
1791 
1792 
1793 

1794 
1795 
1796 


!f23.000..-)00 
29.200.000 
31.500.300 
81.000,000 
34.600.000 
69.756.268 
81.436.164 


120,205,156 
19.012.041 
20.753,098 
26.109.572 
33.026,2.33 
47,989,472 
67.064,097 


?7;267,5.39 
9.141.5G9 
7.529..575 
9.3(12.124 

10.405.069 
8.367.776 


?75,463,476 
77.227,924 
80.352,6^4 
78.427,404 
80.747,587 
83.762,172 



109 



GEORGE WASHINGTON. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



The twenty-second day of February 1733, will ever be mem- 
orable, as the birthday of that great and good man who has 
been justly styled the " Father of his country." Descended 
from English ancestors, who emigrated to this country, and 
settled in Virginia as early as 1G57, he was born in a plain 
farm-house upon the banks of tlic Potomac, in the County of 
"Westmoreland, Va., on the day above mentioned. 




GEOIKJE WASHINGTON. 

His fathcr,Augustine Washington, died in 1743, when George 
—who was his eldest son by liis second wife, Mary Ball— was 
but ten years of age. He was blessed with a kind, affeerum- 
ate and intelligent mother, by whom he was instructed in 
sound principles and correct habits. 

At the early age of fifteen, an opportunity was afforded him 

no 



GEORGE WASHINGTON". Ill 

of entering the British Navy as a midshipman, which position 
he strongly desired as a path to honorable distiucLion, but the 
evident reluctance of his mother to the separation induced 
him to abandon the project. 

He received a good English, but not a thorough literary or 
scientific education. Having a mind naturally philosopliical 
and mathematical, his attention was given to surveying, and 
to the science of arms ; and of athletic exercises he was pas- 
sionately fond. At the age of nineteen, he was appointed one 
of the Adjutant-Generals of Virginia with the ranlc of Major, 

In October 1753, he was commissioned by Governor Diu- 
widde of Virginia to convey important dispatches to the 
French on the Ohio, which hazardous undertaking, after suf- 
fering great hardships and escaping many dangers, he accom- 
plished to the great satisfaction of the Governor. Subse- 
quently, in 1754, he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel, and 
under Colonel Fry was sent with a regiment of troops against 
the French, and having received permission to march with two 
companies in advance, on the darlv and rainy night of May 
21th, 1754, he surrounded and surprised a detachraen'of French 
troops, who were compelled to surrender. 

This was the commencement of his glorious military career, 
the history of which is familiar to every American citizen. 
After his return from the successful expedition against the 
French in 1758, and the close of the Campaign, he left the ar- 
my, and was married to a Mrs. Martha Custis, a widow lady 
of Virginia, who was highly esteemed for her amiable dis- 
position and womanly virtues. 

During the subsequent sixteen years, he devoted his time 
principally in the cultivation of his estate, and in the enjoy- 
ment of domestic life at Mount Vernon. In 1774, he repre- 
sented Virginia as a delegate in the Continental Congress, and 
on the 15th of June, 1775, was unanimously appointed Com- 
mander-in Chief of the American forces, which position he 
held till the close of the war. 

In May 1787, he was a delegate to the Convention which 
met at Philadelphia, and was appointed to preside over the 
same, and exerted his influence to cause the adoption of the 
Constitution. 



112 GEORGE WASHINGTON. 

Having been unanimously elected the first President of the 
United States, the inau;;uration ceremonies took place on tlic 
30th of April, ITSO, in the City Hall in the city of New York. 
The first session of the first Conj;rcss, held at New York, occu- 
pied a period of six months, the adjournment takinj^ place on 
the 29th of September 1739. In 1T93, he was unanimously 
re-elected to the presidency for another term by the two 
great political parties, who united only on the name of Wash- 
mi^ton. Having determined to retire from office, he issued in 
179G his farewell address to the people of the United States, so 
full of love, and wisdom, and anxiety for the future welfare 
of his country , and in 1797, after witnessing the inauguration 
cf his successor, he retired to Mount Vernon to spend the rest 
of his days in retirement. 

His administration wasawiseandsuccessful one ; all disputes 
with foreign nations had been adjusted, excepting those of 
France. Ample provision had been made for the security and 
ultimate payment of the public debt; public and private 
credit had been restored, and the affairs of the country were 
prosperous. 

On Thursday, thel3th of December, 1799, he was seized with 
an inttiimmatiou in his throat, and on the 14th of the same 
mouth, he died, iu the sixty-eighth year of his age. 



ADAMS'S ADimiSTRATION, 

WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
1797-1801. 



ONE TERM— FOUR TEARS. 

ELECTED PY TS7, FEDERALISTS. 



lis 



CABINET. 



PRESIDENT : 
John Adams, Massachusetts. 

VICE-PRESIDENT : 
Thomas Jefferson, Virginia. 

SECRETARIES OF STATE : 
Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts. 1797. 
John Marshall, Virginia. 179T. 

SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY: 
Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut. 1797. 
Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts. 180O. 

SECRETARIES OF WAR : 

James McIIenry, Maryland. 1797. 

Samuel Dexter, Mapsachusctts. IbOO. 

Roger Griswold, Connecticut. 1801. 



SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : 



George Cabot, Massachusetts. 
Benjamin Stoddert, Maryland. 

POST MASTER GENERAL 
Joseph Habersham, Georgia. 

ATTORNEY-GENERAL : 
Charles Lee, Virginia.. 



1798. 
1798* 



1797. 



1797. 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 



Year 


Imports 


Exports 


ExpcndltureB 


Debt 


1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 


S>75 379.4nfi 
(;S.551,700 
79089,148 
91,252,768 


?.o6,S50.206 
61 .527.097 
78.665,522 
70,970,780 


$8,626,012 
8. (;i 3.507 
ll,077.ftl3 
11.989,739 


if82.0f4.479 
79,228,;.29 
78.408.669 
82,976.291 



114 



JOHN ADAMS. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



John Adams, the second President of the United States, 
was the fourth in descent from Henry Adams, who fled from 
persecution in England, and settled in Massachusetts in the 
year 1630. He was born on the 19th of October, 1735, in the 
town of Braintree, Massachusetts, and in 1751, was admitted a 
member of Harvard College, graduating therefrom four 
years afterwards. 

He soon after commenced the study of law at Worcester, 




JOHN ADAMS. 

Massachusetts, supporting himself chiefly by teaching in one 
of the public schools of that town. He was admitted to the 
bar of Suffolk County in 175S, and in 1766, he removed to 
Boston, where he soon distinguished himself in his profes- 
sion. 
In 1764, he married Abigail Smith, daughter of Rev. William 
115 



116 JOHX ADAMS. 

Smith, of Weymouth, an educated lady, possessing superior 
intellectual faculties. 

Having filled many important offices, he was in 1777, appoint- 
ed a commissioner to the Court of France, and in 1779, was 
appointed a Minister Plenipotentiary for negotiating a treaty 
of peace with Great Britain. In 1781, he was associated with 
Franklin, Jay, and others in a commission for concluding 
treaties of peace with the several European powers. In 1784, he 
was in Holland and France, negotiating commercial treaties 
with foreign nations. In 1785, he was appointed by Congress 
a Minister to represent the United States at the Court of Great 
Britain. 

He resigned in 1788, and in June returned to the United 
States, after an absence of over eight years. 

Ability, coupled with 2)ublic honest?/ and 2:)?ni'a^e worth, con- 
stitute a man equal to any emergency, and fitted for any pub- 
lic position. Adams possessed this character, and these qual- 
ifications in an eminent degree. He was the man for the times ; 
no purer patriot ever lived ; he was the eloquent and fearless 
defender of the Declaration of Independence. He was a pa- 
triot and a scholar. 

He was elected to the Presidency as the successor of Wash- 
ington after a close and spirited contest, in which his warm 
personal friend, Thomas Jefferson, was his principle rival. 
Mr. Jefferson was supported by the Democratic, then called 
the Republican party, and Mr, Adams by the Federal party. 
Mr. Jefferson was elected Vice-President. 

His inauguration took place in Congress Hall, Philadelphia, 
on the 4th of March, 1797, he being then in his sixty-second 
year. He served his term of four years, was again nominated, 
but defeated. After his term of service had expired, he retired 
to his estate at Quincy, Massachusetts, and passed the re- 
mainder of his days in literary and scientific pursuits. Having 
lived to the good old age of ninety-one years, he died on the 
4th of July 182G. 



JEFFERSON'S AMIMSTRATION, 

WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
1801-1809. 



TWO TERMS— EIGHT TEARS. 

ELECTED BY THE KEPUBLICAN OR ANTI FEDERAL PARTY. 



117 



CABINET 



1801. 
1805. 



1801. 



PRESIDENT: 
Thomas Jefferson, Virginia 

VICE-PRESIDENTS: 
Aaron Burr, New York. 
George Clinton, New Yorli. 

SECRETARY OF STATE : 
James Madison, Virginia. 

SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY: 
Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts. 1801. 
Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania. 1803. 

SECRETARY OF WAR : 
Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts. 1801. 

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : 
Benjamin Stoddert, Maryland. 1801. 
Robert Smith, Maryland. 1803. 

Jacob Crowninskield, Mass. 1805. 

POST MASTERS-GENERAL : 
Joseph Habersham, Georgia. 1801. 

Gideon Granger, Connecticut. 1803. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL : 
Theophilus Parsons, MassachusettslSOl. 
Levi Lincoln, Massachusetts. 1801. 

Hobert Smith, Maryland. 1805. 

John BuECiviiNRiDGB, Kentucky. 1805. 
CiBSAR A. Rodney, Delaware. 1807. 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 



Year. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Expenditures. 


Debt. 


1801 


|m..'«53,511 


fOl.l 15.925 


$12,273,370 


fS3.038,050 


1S02 


76,33:},3:?3 


72.is:5,l(ii) 


13,27f..(t8-t 


8l).712,f);« 


1803 


64,fi()6.C(i6 


55.8(K).()3S 


11.258.983 


77.054 .(kSS 


180 1 


185,0()0.(HX) 


77,C'.nt,()7l 


12.f.24.C.46 


86,127.120 


1805 


120.fiOO.O0(J 


95,5iifi,()2l 


13,727.124 
15.()70,0<i:5 


82,312.150 


180B 


12'J.nO.(tOi) 


]01.53(;.!m3 


75,7-23,270 


ISO? 


i:is.r/Kt.()oo 


108.313.151 


11.2'.t2,2'r2 


f.9.218.398 


l^'l-i 


56.'.l'.iO.(KK) 


22.43il.!>C.<) 


l(i.7r.4.5Sl 


65.1%.317 



118 



THOMAS JEFFEKSOK 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



Perhaps the most distinguished statesman this country has 
ever produced, was Thomas Jefferson, the third President of 
the United States. His ancestors were also early emigrants 
from Great Britain, who settled in Virginia. His father, Peter 
Jefferson, was a man of some distinction in the colony. 

Thomas Jefferson was horn on the 2nd of April, 1743, at 
Shadwell, in Albemarle County, Virginia. His father dying 
when he was twelve years of age, left him a large inheritance. 




THOMAS JEFFERSON. 

fie was educated at the College of William and Mary, studied 
law under the celebrated George Wythe, and commenced its 
practice in 17G7. 

He was early identified with the champions of liberty, and in 
1775, took his seat in the Continental Congress. Previous to 
this, he had made an effort in the Legislature of which he wa* 

119 



120 THOMAS JEFFEKSOU". 

a member, for the emancipation of the slaves in Virginia, but 
Vi'Sls unsuccessful. In 1773, he married Mrs. Martha Skelton, 
a widow lady, daughter of Mr. John Wyles, an eminent law- 
yer of Virginia. 

Although one of the youngest members of the Continental 
Congress, he was aelectcd by a committee duly appointed, and 
requested to prepare the Dcdaratioti of Indq^eiidence. This he 
did, and it was finally adopted with but few alterations and 
amendments on the 4th of July, 1776. In 1779, he was elected 
Governor of Virginia, which office he held for two years. He 
was the author of many tracts, and other writings, and as a 
man of letters acquired high distinction. 

In 1785, he was joined with Adams and Franklin in a com- 
mission for negotiating treaties of commerce with foreign 
nations, and he met them in Paris, in June of that year, and it 
was through him, as Mr. Webster has confessed, that our 
diplomatic intercourse was raised to a dignity and strength, 
which will bear comparison with any that other governments 
can produce. 

Having been elected President his inauguration took place 
in the new Capitol at Washington, on the 4th of March, 1801 
in the 58th year of his age. He was elected by tlie Anti-Fed- 
eral orDemocratic party, and many important acts were passed 
and many important events took place during his administra- 
tion which was continued for eight years (he having been 
re-elected in 1805). He almost doubled the territory of the 
Union ; caused the vast regions of the West to be explored ; 
gave us character abroad, and tranquility at home. 

Having retired from the presidency, he passed the remain- 
der of his days in the cultivation of his beautiful estate at 
Monticello ; in i)leasant intercourse with his friends ; in literary 
pursuits, and in advancing his favorite project of a University 
of Virginia. His pecuniary circumstances becoming embar- 
rassed in his old age, he was compelled to dispose of his 
library, which was purchased by Congress for $23,950. He 
died, after a short illness, on the 4th of July, 1S2G, being the 
fiftieth anivcrsary of our independence ; the same day that his 
friend and compatriot John Adams departed this life. 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 

•WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
1809-1817. 



TWO TERMS— EIGHT YEARS. 

ELECTED BY THE REPUBLICANS [aNTI-FEDERALISTS.] 



121 



CABINET 



PRESIDENT : 
James Madison, Virginia. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS : 
George Clinton, New York. 
Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts. 

SECRETARIES OF STATE : 
Robert Smith, Maryland. 1809. 

James Monroe, Virginia. 1811. 

SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. 
Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania. 1809. 
George W. Campbell, Tennessee. 1814. 
Alexander J. Dallas, Penn. 1814. 

SECRETARIES OF WAR : 

William Eustis, Massachusetts. 1809. 

John Armstrong, New York. 1813. 

James Monroe, Virginia. 1814. 

William II. Crawford, Georgia. 1815. 

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : 
Paul Hamilton, S.outli Carolina. 1809. 
William Jones, Pennsylvania. 1813. 

Benjamin W. Crowinshield, Mass. 1814. 

POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. 
Gideon Granger, Connecticut. 1809. 
Return J. Meigs, Jr., Ohio. 1814. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. 

C^SAR A. Rodney, Delaware. 1809. 

William Pinckney, Maryland. 1811. 

Richard Rush, Pennsylvania. 1814. 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 



Year. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Expenditures. 


Debt. 


1809 


159.400,000 


|52.203.a^3 


113.867.226 


^57,023,192 


1810 


85.406,000 


6f>.(;57.970 


13.319,986 


53.178.217 


1811 


5:?.40O.O0() 


61..31fi.RS.3 


13.601.808 


48,005,587 


1312 


77.0:}0,000 


SS,.527.23G 


22.279.121 


45,209,737 


1813 


22,005,000 


27.855,927 


r.'.(.19l>.520 


55.962,827 


1814 


12.!tG5,00O 


6,927,441 


!JM,(l2,S.-j:U) 


81,.»87,ai6 


1815 


n :?,(»! 1.274 


52.557,7.53 


39.5S2,493 


99.8;«,6ti0 


lam 


147.10.i,iH)0 


81.920,452 


48,241,495 


127,:«4.938 



122 



JAMES MADISON. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



The fourth President of the United States, was James Madi- 
son, who was born in Orange County, Virginia, on the 16th of 
March, 1751. He was of Welsh descent, and his father James 
Madison, was among the early emigrants to Virginia. 

He received a liberal education, and graduated at Princeton 
College, in 1771. He commenced the practice of law, but was 
called in early life, to attend to the public affairs of his State, 
and Country. In 1779 he was chosen a delegate to the conti- 




JAMES MADISON. 

nental Congress, and continued as such, until 1784. He was a 
delegate to the Convention, held at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, 
to frame the Constitution, and was one of its most distin- 
guished members. He was also elected to the new Congress 
held at New York, in 1780. 

123 



124 JAMES MADISON. 

In the year 1794, being then in his forty-third year, he mar- 
ried Mrs. Dolly Paine Todd, of Philadelphia, a widow lady 
much admired, and who was twenty-three years younger than 
Mr. Madison. 

In his political views, Mr. Madison was a Democrat (then 
called Republican) and co-operated with Jefferson in his views 
of national policy. lie was Secretary of State during Jeffer- 
son's administration, and in 1809, having received the nomina- 
tion and support of the Democratic, or Anti Federal party, he 
succeeded Mr. Jefferson as President. The war of 1813, was 
declared during his administration against Great Britain, and 
the same year he was re-elected to the presidency. It was 
also during his administration, that the city of Washington 
was captured by the British, and the public buildings destroyed. 
Peace was also concluded at Ghent in 18U, which he sincerely 
desired. 

He retired in 1817, to his residence at Montpelier, in Orange 
County, Virginia, being then sixty-six years of age. Subse- 
quently, he was chosen a member of the State Convention, 
to revise the Constitution of his State, and for several years 
acted as Rector of the University of Virginia. At the age of 
eighty-five the earthly career of Mr. Madison was closed. He 
died respected and beloved, on the 38th of June, 18o0, 



MONROE'S AMINISTRlTIOJf, 

WITH 

BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCH. 

1817-1825. 



TWO TERMS— EIGHT YEARS. ' 

ELECTED BY THE REPUBLICANS [ANTI-FEDERALISTS.] 



125 



CABINET 



PRESIDENT : 
James Monroe, Virginia. 

VICE-PRESIDENT : 
Daniel D. Tompkins, New York. 

SECRETARY OF STATE : 
John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts. 

SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 
William II. Crawfokd, Georgia. 

SECRETARIES OF WAR : 
Isaac Shelby, Kentucky, 1817. 

John C. Caluoun, South Carolina. 1817. 

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : 
Benjamin W. CROWNiNsniELu,Mass.l818. 
Smith Thompson, New York. 1818. 

Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey. 1823. 

POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. 
Return J. Meigs, Jr., Ohio. 1817. 

John McLean, Ohio. 1823. 

ATTORNEY-GENERAL. 
William Wirt, Virginia. 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 



Tear. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Expenditures. 


Debt. 


1817 


»99,250.000 


fS7.r,71,5fiO 


J!40.877,646 


1123,491.963 


1818 


121,750.(X)0 


93.281,1.33 


35,164,875 


103.466.63:5 


1819 


87.125,000 


70.111.501 


21,004.199 


95..529.648 


1820 


7I.Jr.0,O00 


69,()t;i,f.69 


21,763.024 


91.015.566 


1821 


62.585,724 


61.971,382 


19.090.5?2 


89.987.427 


1822 


RV2n,541 


72,1U0.281 


17,676,592 


93.546,676 


1823 


77.57'.),2G7 


74,()9'.l,030 


15,314,171 


90,875.877 


182^1 


89.5-J9,()07 


75,986,657 


31,898,538 


90,269,777 



126 



JAMES MONKOE. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



James Monroe, the fifth Presiclent of the United States, 
was born on the 2d of April, 1759, in the county of West- 
moreland, Virginia. 

His parents, Spencer Monroe and Elizabeth Jones, descended 
from the first families of that State. He entered the college 
of William and Mary, but left his collegiate studies before he 
had graduated, for the purpose of joining the Standard of his 
Country, which he did in his eighteenth year, and hastened to 




JAMES MONEOE. 

join Washington at his head-quarters, in the city of New 
York. 

He was in many conflicts in the campaign of 1776, and was 
severely wounded in the battle of Trenton. During the cam- 
paigns of 1777, and 1778, he acted as aid to Lord Stirling, and 
distinguished himself in many battles, displaying great cour- 
age and coolness on the bloody fields of Brandywine, German- 
127 



128 JAMES MONROE. 

town, and Monmouth. He subsequently studied law under 
Mr, Jefferson, while the latter was Governor of Virginia. lu 
his twenty-fourth year, he was elected to the Legislature of 
his State, and in the following year, was elected a delegate to 
the Continental Congress, and thereafter represented his State 
in Congress, until 1876. 

"While in New York attending the Continental Congress, 
he married Miss Kortright, a beautiful and accomplished lady, 
daughter of Mr. L. Kortright of that city. Mr. Madison 
was opposed to the adoption of the Federal Constitution as 
framed by the Convention of 1787, and strongly urged that 
certain amendments should be made previous to its adoption. 

In 1790, he was chosen, and took his place in the Senate of 
the United States, and continued therein for four years, acting 
with the Anti-Federal party in opposition to Washington's 
administration, notwithstanding which, Gen. Washington 
appointed him Minister to France in 1794, and subsequently, 
succeeded Mr. King as Minister to England. 

In 1799, Mr. Monroe was elected Governor of Virginia, which 
oflEice he filled for three years. Under the administrations 
both of Jefferson and Madison, he was appointed to many 
offices, and superintended many of the important matters and 
negotiations of the Government, thereby rendering essential, 
and invaluable services. 

In 1816, Mr. Monroe was nominated for the Presidency by 
the Anti-Federal or Democratic party, and was elected to suc- 
ceed Mr. Madison. Ills administration was exceedingly pop- 
ular, and in 1820, he was almost unanimously re-elcctcd,having 
received — excepting one — every vote of the Electoral Col- 
leges. Ilis first inauguration took place on the 4th of March, 
1817, and his second, on Monday, the fifth of March, 1821. He 
died at the residence of his son-in-law, Samuel L. Gouveneur 
In the city of New York, on July 4th, 1831, being the fifty-fifth 
anniversary of our national independence. 



J. Q. ADAMS'S AMINISTRATIOf, 

WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

1825-1829. 



ONE TERM— FOUR YEARS. 

ELECTED BY THE REPUBLICAN PARTY, 



129 



CABINET 



PRESIDENT: 
Jonx QuiNCY Adams, Massachusetts. 

VICE-PRESIDENT : 
John C. Calhoun, SouUi Carolina. 

SECRETARY OF STATE: 
Henry Clay, Kentucky. 

SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY: 
Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, 

SECRETARIES OF WAR : 
James Barbour, Virji^inia. 1825. 

Peter B. Porter, New Yorlc. 1828. 

SECRETARY OF THE NAVY : 
Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey. 

POST MASTER-GENERAL: 
John McLean, Oliio. 

ATTORNEY-GENERAL : 
William Wirt, Virginia, 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 



Year 


Imports 


Exports 


ExpendltarcB 


Debt 


1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 


«%3to.n-5 

81974 477 
79.484 068 
88,509.824 


$99 5.^r. 383 
77.5;tr..:>22 
82 .T24.727 
72,2G4,686 


$23 585 804 
2 n 03 393 
22 656.76 1 
25.459.479 


$83,788,432 
81 051.0.59 
73 987. .S57 
67.47;..(MS 



130 



JOHN QXJINCY ADAMS. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



The sixth President of the United States, was John Quincy 
Adams. He was the son of John Adaaas, the second Presi- 
dent, and was born in his father's mansion, in the city of Bos- 
ton, although the family scat was in the present town of 
Quincy, Massachusetts, on the 11th day of July 1767. 

At the age of eleven years, he embarked for France with his 
father and remained there several months. He subsequently 
visited Holland, and in 1781, went with Mr. Dana (who had 




JOHN QTTINCY ADAMS. 

been appointed minister) to Russia as his private secretary 
and remained there eighteen months. From 1783, to 1785, he 
was with his father in England, Holland, and France. He 
returned to the United States iu 1785, entered Harvard Col- 
lege, "und graduated in 1787. He then commenced the study 
of law at Ncwburyport under Mr. Theophilus Parsons, and 
after completing his studies, commenced the practice of his 
131 



132 ^OIIN QUlNCr ADAMS. 

profession in Boston, devoting bis leisure time in writing and 
publishing a scries of tracts, and other papers, on the great 
political questions of the day. 

In 1794, General Washington appointed him Minister Resi- 
dent to the Netherlands, where he remained for two years. He 
was afterwards appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Portu- 
gal, but on his way there, received an appointment transfer- 
ring him to Lisbon, where he remained till 1801. 

Mr. Adams was a moderate Federalist, and in 1803, was 
elected a Senator of the United States but not by a party vote, 
lie supported Mr. Jefferson in such measures as his judg- 
ment approved. He was appointed one of the commissioners, 
by whom the treaty of peace was negotiated, between Great 
Britain and the United States at Ghent, in 181-i. In 1815, he 
was appointed by Mr. Madison, Minister to Great Britain, 
where he remained about two years, he was then recalled by 
Mr. Monroe, and appointed by him, Secretary of State, which 
office he filled for eight years. 

The canditates put in nomination to succeed Mr. Monroe, 
were General Jackson, Henry Clay, William II. Crawford and 
Mr. Adams. No choice was effected by the Electoral Col- 
leges, by reason of there being so many in nomination, but 
General Jackson received the greatest number of votes. The 
election was thereupon referred to the House of Representa- 
tives, and on the first ballot, Mr. Adams received the vote of 
thirteen States and was elected. His inauguration took place 
on the -Ith of March, 1825. John C. Calhoun was made Vice- 
President. 

In May 1707, Mr. Adams was married to Louisa Catherine 
Johnson, daughter of Joshua Johnson of Maryland, wlio then 
resided in London. By this lady, he had four children, of 
whom, only one, Mr. Charles F. Adams of Boston, is now liv- 
ing. 

On the twenty-second of Februry, 1848, this most accom- 
plished scholar and statesman was prostrated by paralyt^is, 
while in his seat in the House of Representatives, and breathed 
his last on the following day. He died in the Speaker's room, 
in the Capitol, being in his eighty-first year. His dying words 
were " This is the last of earth." 






JACKSOFS ADMINISTRATION, 

WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
1829-1837. 



[TWO TERMS— EIGHT TEARS, 

ELECTED BY THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 



133 



CABINET 



PRESIDENT : 

Andrew Jackson, Tennessee. 

VICE PRESIDENTS: 

John C. Calhoux, South Carolina. 

Martix Van Buren, New York. 

SECRETARIES OF STATE : 

Martin Van Buren, New York. 1829. 

Edward Livingston, Louisiana. 1831. 

Lewis McLane, Delaware. 1833. 

John Forsyth, Georj^ia. 1834. 

SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY: 

Samuel D. Ingham, Pennsylvania. 1829. 

Louis McLane, Delaware. 1831. 

W^iLLiAM J. DuANE, Pennsylvania. 1833. 

Roger B. Taney, Maryland. 1833. 

Levi Woodbury', New Hampshire. 1834. 

SECRETARIES OF WAR : 
John II. Eaton, Tennessee. 1829. 

Lewis Cass, Ohio. 183L 

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : 
John Branch, North Carolina. 1829. 
Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire. 1831. 
Maulon Dickerson, New Jersey. 1834. 

POST MASTERS-GENERAL : 
William T. Barry, Kentucky. 1829. 
Amos Kendall, Kentucky. 1835. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL : 
John M. Berrien, Georgia. 1829. 

Roger B- Taney, Maryland. 1831. 

Benjamin F. Butler, New York. 1834. 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 



Year. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Expenditures. 


Debt. 


1829 


J74,ia2.527 


$72.35a,'',71 


$2,-.,044,358 


?.58,421,413 


1830 


70.8T(i,02() 


73.« 10,503 


2 1.585.281 


48.565,406 


18.31 


103.101.121 


81 .310.5^3 


so.(r,s,4ir. 


.S0,12 1.191 


1832 


l()1.02'.t.2(i() 


87.17r).043 


84.:r.!i.(;0S 


24.iK2,2:'.5 


1833 


108.118,311 


90,140.443 


24. 257 .208 


7.001.0:^2 


1834 


12(i,5>l.332 


lU4.33r,.073 


24,fi01.082 


4,760.081 


1835 


ll!t.H'.l;-,.7l2 


121. (•.03,577 


27,573,141 


S,a51,2S9 


ia36 


189,080.0H6 


12S.C.r,3.0lO 


30.931,664 


8.291, OHO 



134 



ANDKEW JACKSOK 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United 
States, was of Scottish descent. His grandfather, Hugh Jaclv- 
son, removed to Ireland, where his sons became respectable 
farmers. In 1765, his 3'oungest son emigrated to North Amer- 
ica, and settled in South Carolina, where he purchased a plan- 
tation at Waxhaw Settlement. On this plantation, Andrew 
Jackson was born on the 15th of March, 1767. 

His father died about the time of his birth, leaving his 




ANDREW JACKSON. 

mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Hutchinson, a 
widow with three sous. 

In the spring of 1779, South Carolina was invaded by the 

English, and his brother, Hugh Jackson, who had enlisted 

with others to repel them, lost his life in the fatigues of the 

service. At the age of thirteen, Andrew, with his brother 

135 



136 ANDREW JACKSON. 

Robert, joined a company of volunteers and were engaged in 
a battle at a place called Hanging Kock, ■where tlae volunteers 
particularly distinguished themselves. Both of the yonng 
men were soon after taken prisoners, and as such, upon one 
occasion Andrew was ordered by a British oCicer to clean his 
boots, which he indignantly refused to do, whereupon, he was 
struck by the officer with kis sword, causing a deep wound, 
the scar of which he carried with him to his grave. 

Ilis brother Robert, for refusing to i^erform like menial ser- 
vice, was treated in the same manner, and received a wound 
from which he never recovered. They were both finally 
exchanged, and Robert died twa days after his arrival home, 
llis mother going on board of aiprisonsliip to nurse some sick, 
captive friends, took a fever from which she died soon after, 
leaving Andrew, then a young man, the sole survivor of the 
family. 

When eighteen years of age, he commenced the study of 
law at Salisbury, North Carolina, and in due time was admit- 
ted to the bar, and commenced the practice of law in that 
State, but being appointed by the Governo-r, Solicitor for the 
Western District, which embraced Tennessee^ he removed to 
Jonesborough in 17SS, being then ©.nly twenty-one years of 
age. In this new and half-civilized region, he endured hard- 
ships and encountered dangers of every kind. His sensitive 
nature, strong passions, iron will, with his fearless and deter- 
mined spirit, led him into many difficulties and personal quar- 
rels, all of which he met manfully, ever ready to fight an 
enemy, or chastise an offender. His motto was, "Ask noth- 
ing but what is right ; submit to nothing wrong." 

On the admission of Tennessee into the Union, Jackson was 
chosen the first Representative to Congress, and took his seat 
iu the House, on the 5th of December, 1790. His tenn there 
however, was short, for being elected by the Legislature, he 
took his seat in the Senate of the United States, on the 22ud 
of November, 1797. 

In his views he was a democrat, and acted with the Demo- 
craiie party. After resigning his scat as a Senator, he was 
appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, which 



I 



ANDREW JACKSON. 187 

office be held for six years and then resigned. In 1803, he was 
appointed Major General of the militia of the State. During 
the war of 1812, he took an active part in the campaigns against 
the Indians and British, in the capacity of Major General, and 
on the 23rd of December, 1814, obtained a great victory over 
them at New Orleans, aud was hailed by the people of the 
South- West as their deliverer. 

In 1828, he was nominated for the Presidency, by the Dem- 
ocratic party, the opposing candidate being John Quincy 
Adams. It was a most exciting campaign, but Jackson was 
elected^ and again re-elected in 1832. His first inauguration 
took place on the 4th of March, 1829 ; his second, on the 4th 
of March, 1833, During his administration, many grave and 
important questions were agitated, which caused great excite- 
ment throughout fhe country ; among these were those relat- 
ing to the Tariff, U. S. Bank, Public Lands, nullification. 
Internal Improvement, etc., etc. 

On the 3rd of March, 1837, he publishedhis farewell address 
full of patriotism, good advice, .and love of country. He 
then retired to the Hermitage in Tennessee, where he passed 
the remainder of his days, breathing his last on the 8th of 
June, 1845. 



VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION, 

WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
1837-184.1. 



ONE TERM-FOUR TEARS. 

ELECTED BY THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 



139 



CABINET. 



PRESIDENT : 
Martin Van Buren, New York. 

VICE-PRESIDENT : 
Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky. 

SECRETARY OF STAtE : 
John Forsyth, Georgia. 

SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY: 
Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire. 

SECRETARY OF WAR : 
Joel R. Poinsett, South Carolina. 

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : 
Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey. 1837. 
James K. Paulding, New York. 1841. 

POST MASTERS-GENERAL : 
Amos Kendall, Kentucky. 1837. 

John M. Niles, Connecticut. 1840. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL . 

Benjamin F. Butler, New York. 1837. 

Felix Grundy, Tennessee. 1838. 

Henry D. Gilpin, Pennsylvania. 1840. 



I 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 



Year 


Imports 


Exports 


Expendituree 


Debt 


1837 
1838 
1839 
IfWO 


$14O0«9.217 
113.717.404 
lf)2,()92.13'^ 
107,641,519 


$117,419,376 

]OS.4S(i.r)ir) 

121.(«S.416 
132,085,936 


1.^7,265,0.37 
39.455.43S 
87.614,a36 
28,226.553 


$1,878,223 
4.857 600 

11,9^3,737 
^,125,077 



140 



MARTIN YAN BUREK 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



The ancestors of Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of 
the United States, were among the early emigrants from Hol- 
land to the colony of New Netherlands, now the State of New 
York. His father, Abraham Van Buren, was a farmer in mod- 
erate circumstances, Martin, was born at Kinderhook, De- 
cember 5th, 1783. 




MARTIN VAN BUREN. 

At the age of fourteen, he commenced the study of law 
in the oflSce of Francis Sylvester, and completed his studies in 
the office of William P. Van Ness of New York city. He 
possessed an active, observing mind, attended all the meetings 
of the Democratic party, and gave much attention to the 
political subjects of the day. 

In the twenty-first year of his age, he was admitted to the 
bar, as an Attorney at Law, and commenced its practice in his 
141 



142 MARTIN VAN BUREN. 

native village. He soon became one of the most distinguishecl 
members of his profession. In 1808, he was appointed Surroi 
gate of Columbia County ; in 1815, he was appointed Attorney. 
General of the State ; in 1821, he was elected a Senator of the 
Uuited States, by the Legislature of New York, and in 1828, 
was elected Governor of that State. 

President Jackson having appointed him Secretary of 
State of the Uuited States, he resigned his office as Governor 
on the 12th of March, 1829. Having retired from this office in 
June, 1831, he was appointed by the President, Minister to 
Great Britain, and arrived in London in September of that year. 
In May, 1832, he was nominated by the Democratic party as 
Vice-President, and was elected to that office. He was nomi- 
nated as the successor of General Jackson by the same party, 
and received 170 votes of the Electoral College, against 124 
for all other candidates. His inauguration took place the 4th 
of March, 1837. 

At this time, the business of the Country was on the verge 
of prostration and ruin. Previous to this, their having been 
large facilities for obtaining bank loans, importation of for- 
eign goods had immensely increased, and the spirit of specu- 
lation, especially in real estate, had assumed in 183G, the fea- 
tures of a mania. The money thus used in speculation, had 
been obtained from the Deposit Banks of the United States 
funds, but in 1836, Congress had authorized the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury, to distribute all the public funds, 
excepting S5,000,000, among the several States. This money 
after January, 1837, was accordingly taken from the Deposit 
Banks, thus compelling them to curtail their loans, which 
resulted in a serious pecuniary embarrassment. 

Over trading, and speculation were therefore suddenly 
checked, and in the spring of 1837, heavy, and innumerable, 
mercantile failures took place in all our cities, and many banks 
suspended specie payment. The President recommended to 
Congress the measure known as the Sub treastiry acJieme, which 
subsequently passed. Mr. Van Buren was renominated for 
the Presidency but received only 00 votes of the Electoral Col- 
lege, against 234 for Harrisou. He died on the 24th of July, 
1863. 



HARRISON'S AND TYLER'S 
ADMINISTRATIONS, 

WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ^ 

184rl-184:5. 



ONE TERM— FOUR TEARS. 

ELECTED BT THE WHIGS. 

President Harrison died April 4, 1841. 



143 



CABINET. 



1841 



PRESIDENTS: 
WiLLLAM Henry Harrison, Ohio. 1841. 
John Ttler, Virginia. 1841. 

VICE-PRESIDENT: 
John Tyler, Virginia. 

SECRETARIES OF STATE : 
Daniel Webster, Massachusetts. 
Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina. 
Abel P. Ui»shur, Virginia. 
John Nelson, Maryland. 
John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, 



1&41. 

1843. 

1843. 

184i. 

1845. 

SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. 
Thomas Ewing, Ohio, 1841. 

Walter Forward, Pennsylvania. 1841. 
John C. Spencer, New York. 1.^3. 

George M. Bibb, Kentucky. 1844. 

SECRETARIES OF WAR : 
John Bell, Tennessee. 1841. 

John C. Spencer, New York, 1841. 

James M. Porter, Pennsylvania. 1843. 
William Wilkins, Pennsylvania. 1844. 

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : 
George E. Badger, N. Carolina. 1841. 
Abel P.Upshur, Virginia. 
David Henshaw, Massachusetts, 
Thomas W. Gilmer, Virginia. 
John Y. Mason, Virginia. 

POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. 
Francis Granger, New York. 
Charles A. Wickliffe, Kentucky. 1841. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. 
John J. Crittenden, Kentucky. 1841. 
Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina. 1841. 
John Nelson, Maryland. 1844. 



1841. 
1843. 
1844. 
1844. 



1841. 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 


Year. 


Exports. 


Importa. 


Expenditures. 


Debt. 


1842 
1843 

1844 


$127,946,117 
100.1.52,087 
W,753,799 
108,4;{5,(i35 


$121,851,803 
104,691,531 
84.346.480. 
111,200.016 


$31,787,530 
32.936,876 
12,118,105 
33,612,010 


$6,737,398 
15.028,486 
27,203.4.50 
24.748,188 



144 



WILLIAM H. HAHmSON. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



Willhm Heniy Harrison, the ninth President of the United 
States, was the youngest son of Benjamin Harrison, one of 
the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, and one of 
the Governors of Virginia. "William Henry, was born on the 
ninth of February, 1773, at Berkeley on the James River, Vir- 
ginia. 

He was educated at Hampden, Sydney College, Va., and 
applied himself to the study of medicine as a profession, but 




WILLIAM H. HARRISON. 

before its completion, he gave up his studies, and joined the 
array raised for the defence of the Ohio frontier against the 
Indians. He received his commission of Ensign in a regiment 
of artillery, from Gen. Washington, in 1791, and in 1792, was 
promoted to tlie rank of Lieutenant. 
He soon after joined the new army under the command of 
10 145 



146 WILLIAM H. HARRIS02T 

General Anthony Wayne at Pittsburgh, and remained with him 
some years, engaged in many battles with the Indians, at, and 
about Fort Washington, where Cincinnati now stands. After 
the campaign, which resulted in a treaty of peace with the 
Indians, he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and soon 
after, at the age of twenty-one, he married the daughter of 
John Cleves Symmes, the founder of the Miami Settlements. 

In 1797, he was appointed by President Adams, Secretary, 
and UxOfficio, Lieutenant-Governor of the North Western Ter- 
ritory. In 1799, he was elected by thelegislatureof thatterritory, 
their first delegate to Congress at the age of twenty-six. Subse- 
quently, the new territory of Indiana was established, which 
included what are now the States of Indiana, Illinois, Michi- 
gan, and Wisconsin, over which he was appointed Governor, 
and also SuiDcrintendcnt of Indian aflfairs, and Commander-in- 
chief of the militia. 

lie held the office of Govcnior for a period of thirteen 
years, having been successively appointed by Adams, Jef- 
ferson, and Madison, at the earnest solicitation of the people 
of the territory. He concluded many treaties with the Indians, 
and at one time obtained from them tlie cession of over 50,000,000 
of acres, lying between the river Illinois and the Mississippi. 

In 1811, he fought the memorable and desperate battle of 
Tippecanoe, and was very active in the war of 1812. In 181G, 
he was elected to represent the Congressional District of Ohio, 
in the House of Representatives of the United States, and sub- 
sequently held many other offices. In 1839, he was nominated 
for the Presidency, by the National Convention of Whig dele- 
gates, who had assembled at Harrisburgh, and was elected 
by an overwhelming majority. He received 234 Electoral 
votes against 60 for Mr. Van Buren. 

The inauguration of General Harrison took place on the 4th 
of March, 1841, but his administration, however, was very 
brief. On the 27th of March, he was seized with a severe 
illness, which terminated his life on Sunday morning the 4th 
of April, just one month after his inauguration, in the sixty- 
eight year of his age. 



JOHN TYLER. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States, was 
born in Charles City County, Virginia, on the 29th of March, 
1790. His ancestors were among the early English settlers 
of the Old Dominion. His father was one of the patriots of 
the Revolution, and devoted himself to its success. 

At a very early age. Young Tyler was very much attached 
to his studies, and was so precocious, that he entered William 
and Mary College at the age of twelve years, and graduated 




JOHN TTLER. 

when he was but seventeen. He commenced the study of 
law, and at nineteen years of age, was admitted to the bar, 
no objection having been raised as to his age. 

In 1811, he was elected a member of the House of Dele- 
gates, and took his seat in the Virginia Legislature, where he 
remained several years, and until 1816, when he was elected 
to Congress, then being but twenty-six years of age, and was 
147 



148 JOHN TYLER. 

twice re-elected, but by reason of ill health, was finally obliged 
to resij^n, and returned to the practice of his profession. 

Mr Tyler Avas elected Governor of Virginia, in December, 
1825, and during his administration, he urged forward, and 
greatly encouraged internal improvements, and many of the 
llnest works in the State, were commenced, and completed, 
through his instrumentality. He was subsequently re-elected 
Governor, but before his term of office had expired, he was 
elected a Senator, having defeated John Randolph. 

On the accession of Geu'l Jackson to the Presidency, Mr. 
Tyler supported his administration in many particulars, but 
yet, at times, took an independent course. With thenullifiers 
of South Carolina, he also sympathised ; and when the President 
took his position against the anti-tariff and nullifying pro- 
ceedings of that State, he withdrew his support from the Ad- 
ministration, acting with Mr. Calhoun, and contending for 
State Rights. 

In 1839, he was elected one of the delegates from Virginia, to 
the Whig National Convention, at Ilarrisburg, and exerted 
his influence in favor of the nomination of Henry Clay, who 
was. defeated by General Harrison, the nominee. It was 
deemed necessary by the Convention, after the nomination of 
Harrison, that the candidate for the Vice-President should be 
a Southern man, and without much reflection, it was offered 
to Mr. Tyler, who accepted. 

On the Gth of April, 1841, after the death of General Har- 
rison, Mr. Tyler took, and subscribed an oath of office, and 
then issued an inaugural address, to the people of the United 
States. He took such a course, however, that he lost the 
confidence of the party who nominated him, without gaining 
that of his political opponents, and in the late great rebellion, 
he took part with the enemies of the Republic. 

In 1813, at the age of twenty-three, Mr. Tyler married Miss 
Letitia Christian, a lady much esteemed, and a member of 
the Episcopal Church. She died at Washington, in 1843. 
While President of the United States, he was again married to 
Miss Julia Gardiner, daughter of David Gardiner of New 
York. He died in Richmond, Virginia, on the 18th of Janu- 
ary, 1862. 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION, 

WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
184.5-184^9. 



ONE TERM— FOUR YEARS. 

ELECTED BY THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 



CABINET 



PRESIDENT : 
James K. Polk, Tennessee. 

VICE PRESIDENT: 
George M. Dallas, Pennsylrania. 

SECRETARY OF STATE : 
James Bucuanan, Pennsylvania. 

SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY: 

Robert J. Walker, Mississippi. 

SECRETARY OF WAR : 
"William L. Marcy, New York. 

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : 
George Bancroft, Mapsacliusetts. 1845. 
John Y. Mason, Virginia. 1846. 

POST MASTER-GENERAL : 
Cave Johnson, Tennessee. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL : 

John Y. Mason, Virginia, 1845. 

Nathan Clifford, Maine. 1840. 

Isaac Toucey, Connecticut. 1848. 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 



Year. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Expenditures. 


Debt. 


1845 

1846 

. 1847 
1848 


1117.251.564 

i2i,ii;n.797 
ii(;.r,i5,t;:;.« 

154,'.»'.»H.928 


$114,646,606 
113.488,516 
158.(;.|8.(I'W 

i54.o:«.i:u 


$.'^.490,408 
27.t;;i2.282 

(;(i.r)':().85i 
fjt.(;r)5.i43 


$17,093,79 i 
16.750.926 
88.926.623 
48,526,879 



150 



I 



JAMES K. POLK. 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

James Knox Polk, the eleventh President of the United 
States, was born on the 2nd of November, 1795, in Mecklen- 
burg County, North Carolina. His ancestors were emigrants 
from Ireland, who settled in Somerset County, oa the eastern 
shore of Maryland. 

His father was a plain farmer, but an energetic, enterpris- 
ing man, a strong Democrat, and an ardent admirer and sup- 
porter of Jefferson, In 1808, he removed with his family t« 




JAMES K. POLBL 

Tennessee. Having prepared himself, under Mr. Black, a 
classical teacher, his son James K. Polk, in 1815, entered the 
University of North Carolina, being then in his twentieth year, 
and in 1818, graduated with the highest honors of his class. 

Having returned to Tennessee, he commenced the study of 
law in the office of Felix Grundy, was admitted to the 

151 



152 JAMES K. POLK. 

bar at the close of 1820, and Boon became a leading practi- 
tioner. In 1823, he was elected to the legislature of his State, 
and after two years, was elected to represent his District in 
Congress. He was a staunch Democrat, the personal ar.d 
political friend of General Jackson, and a firm opponent uf 
Mr. Adams. 

lie was elected Speaker of the House in 1835, and re-elect- 
ed to that position in 1837. For fourteen years, he served his 
District in Congress ; then declined a re-election, but subse- 
quently, in 1839, was nominated for Governor, and was elect- 
ed by a large majority. After serving two years, he was re- 
nominated, but was defeated by James C. Jones, the "Whig 
candidate. 

On the 29th of May, 1844, Mr. Polk received the nomination 
of the Democratic National Convention assembled at Balti- 
more, for President of the United States, and was subsequently 
elected, rcccivini; 170 Electoral votes, against 105 for Henry 
Clay. George M. Dallas was elected Vice-President, by the 
same majority over Mr. Frelinghuysen. 

He was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845. During his 
administration, war was commenced Avith Mexico, -which re- 
sulted in a treaty, whereby California and New Mexico were 
ceded to the Jnited States. The controversy with Great 
Britain, respecting the North West boundary, was also settled 
by treaty, and an independent treasury system was estab- 
lished. 

After the inauguration of General Taylor, he returned to 
Tennessee where he expected to spend the remainder of his 
days in retirement ; but his daj's were few. He was seized 
with the chronic diarrhoea about three months after his terra 
of office had expired, and he died on the 15th of June, 1S49, 
in the fifty-fourth year of his age. 



TAYLOR'S AND FILLMORE'S 
ADMINISTRATIONS, 

WITH 

BIOaRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
184r9-1853. 



ONE TERM— FOUR YEARS. 

ELECTED BY THE WHIGS. 

President Taylor died July 9, 1850. 



153 



CABINET. 



PRESIDENTS: 
Zachart Taylor, Louisiana, 1849. 

Millard Fillmore, New York. 1850. 

VICE-PRESIDENT : 
Millard Fillmore, New York. 1849. 

SECRETARIES OF STATE : 
John M. Clayton, Delaware. 1849. 

Daniel Webster, Massachusetts. 1850. 
Edward Everett, Massachusetts. 1852. 
SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. 
"William M. Meredith, Penn. 1849. 

Thomas Corwin, Ohio. 1850. 

SECRETARIES OF WAR : 
George W. Crawford, Georf^ia. 1849. 
Charles M. Conrad, Louisiana. 1850. 
- SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : 
"William B. Preston, Virginia. 1849. 
Wm. a. Graham, North Carolina. ia50. 
John P, Kennedy, Maryland. 1852, 

SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. 
Thomas Ewing, Ohio, 1849. 

Alex, H, H, Stuart, Virginia. 1850. 

POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. 
Jacob Collamer, Vermont. 1849. 

Nathan K. Hall, New York. 1850. 

Samuel D. Hubbard, Connecticut. 1852. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. 
Reverdy Johnson, Maryland. 1849. 

John J. Crittenden, Kentucky. 1850. 






FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 


Tear. 


Imports, 


Exports. 


Expenditures. 


Debt. 


1849 
1850 
1S51 
1852 


|l.n.8.')7,439 
1T8.1.'W,.S18 
210,224,932 
212.945,442 


fl45,755.820 
151,898,790 
218,388,011 
209.658,3r.6 


»56,a%,422 
44,(304,718 
48,476,104 
4<i,712,608 


fM.704,693 
61,228,238 
62,5G0'395 
65.1.30,692 



154 



ZACHARY TAYLOR. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



Zacliary Taylor, the twelth President of the (Jnited States, 
was born in Orange County, Virginia, on the twenty- fourth 
of November, 17S1. His father, Richard Taylor, served with 
valor and zeal throughout the Revolutionary war. He held 
the commission of Colonel, was engaged in many battles, and 
rendered valuable aid to General Washington at Trenton. 

The year following the birth of Zachary, Colonel Richard 
Taylor emigrated with his family to Kentucky, and settled 




ZACHARY TAYLOR, 

near Louisville. He was one of the framers of the Constitu- 
tion of Kentucky, and was for many years a member of the 
Legislature of that State. 

The early education of Zachary was necessarily limited. 
He assisted his father on the farm, until he was past twenty- 
one years of age. He received a commission as Lieutenant in 
155 



166 ZACHARY TAYLOR. ' 

the Seventh Regiment of United States Infantry, from Presi- 
dent Jefferson, on the third of May, 1808. 

In 1810, he was married to Miss Margaret Smith, a lady of 
Maryland. In 1813, he was placed in command of Fort Har- 
rison, where he was attacked by a large number of Indians, 
and for his heroic defence of the fort, the President conferred 
upon him the rank of Major by brevet. 

On the 20th of April, 1819, Major Taylor received the com- 
mission of a Lieutenant Colonel, and in 1832, was promoted 
by President Jackson to the rank of Colonel. He was enga- 
ged in the war against Black Hawk, and subsequently against 
the Seminole Indians in Florida, and had command of the 
United States troops in the desperate and bloody battle of 
Okeechobee, where he was again victorious. 

For the distinguished services rendered in this battle, he re- 
ceived the thanks of the President in 1838, and was promoted 
to the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet soon after. In 
the war with Mexico, General Taylor displayed great military 
Bkill, sound judgment, and heroic bravery, as evinced in the 
memorable battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and 
Buena Vista. 

His determined bravery, and brilliant achievements during 
the campaigns in Mexico, secured him the love and admira- 
tion of the people of the United States. He had taken no ac- 
tive part in politics, but was considered a "Whig. 

At the Whig National Convention, which met at Philadel- 
phia on the 1st of June, 1848, he received the nomination for 
the presidency on the fourth ballot, having received 171 
votes, against 35 for Clay, 60 for Scott, and 14 for Webster. 
At the election in November, he received 103 of the Electoral 
votes, against 127 for General Cass, the Democratic candi- 
date. 

His inauguration took place on Monday, the 5th of March, , 
1849, before a very large assemblage of people. 

Early in July, 1850, he was seized with an alarming illness, 
which, assuming the form of a billions fever, sooh terminated 
his life. He died in the city of Washington, on the 9th of 
July, 1850, in the GGth year of his age, having discharged the 
duties of President, one year, four months and four days. 



MILLARD FILLMORE. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



Millard Fillmore, the thirteenth President of the United 
States, was born at Summer Hill, in Cayuga County, New 
York, January, 7th, 1800. 

His father, Nathaniel Fillmore, was a farmer, but lost his 
property by reason of some defect in the title. In 1819, he 
removed to Erie County, New York, and purchased a small 
farm which he cultivated with his own hands. His mother's 




MILLARD FILLMORE. 

name was Phebe Millard ; she was a daughter of Dr. Abia- 
thar Millard, and died in 1831. 

The early education of Mr. Fillmore was extremely limited, 
and at a suitable age he was apprenticed to a wool-carder, but 
he improved every leisure moment in reading and cultivating 
his mind, having an in insatiable thirst for knowledge. He 
remained four years as an apprentice, when he was advised by 
the late Judge Wood, of Cayuga County, whose acquaintance 
151 



158 MILLARD FILLMORE. 

he had formed, to quit his trade and study law, and he very 
generously offered to give him a place in his office, and to ad- 
vance money to defray his expenses. 

Having accepted this offer, he entered Judge Wood's office 
and remained there for two years, partially supporting him- 
self, however, by teaching three months in each year. In the 
fall of 1821, he removed to Erie County and entered a law of- 
fice in Buffalo. In 1826, he was married to Abigail Powers, 
daughter of Rev. Lemuel Powers, a lady very highly esteem- 
ed for her many virtues. 

In 1827, Mr. Fillmore was admitted as an attorney, and in 
1829, as a Counselor of the Supreme Court of thai State. He 
formed a copartnership with an elder member of the bar in 
Buffalo, and continued a successful practice in that city till 
1847, when he removed to Albany, having been elected Comp- 
troller. Previous to this, however, he had served for several 
years in the Legislature of that State, and had won the confi- 
dence of all other members. 

He was elected to Congress in the fall of 1832, and 
continued for several years to represent his District. 
In 1844, he reluctantly accepted the Whig nomination 
for Governor of New York, but was defeated. In 1848, 
he was nominated by the Whigs, in the National Conven- 
tion, for Vice-President, being put upon the ticket with Gen- 
eral Taylor, and received the same number of Electoral votes. 
After he had entered upon his duties of Vice-President, he ex- 
hibited great wisdom and firmness, and as the presiding offi- 
cer of the Senate, he exercised great courtesy, and ability. 

On the 10th of July, 1850, after the decease of General Tay- 
lor, Mr. Fillmore took his oath of office as President. The 
old Cabinet having resigned, he selected a new Cabinet of em- 
inent men, including Daniel Webster, as Secretary of State. It 
was a critical period in the history of the Country, as many 
difficult and exciting questions were under discussion, but his 
messages were calm, conciliatory, yet firm, and many vexed 
questions were settled during his administration. 

Mr. Filhnore died at Buffalo, N. Y., March 8, 1874. 



PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION, 

WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

1853-1857.' 



ONE TERM— FOUR TEARS. 

ELECTED BY THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 



159 



CABINET 



PRESIDENT : 
Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire. 

VICE-PRESIDENT : 
William R. King, Alabama. 

SECRETARY OF STATE : 
"William L. Marcy, New York. 

SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY 
James Guthrie, Kentucky. 

SECRETARY OF WAR : 
Jefferson Davis, Mississippi. 

SECRETARY OF THE NAVY: 
James C. Dobbin, Nortli Carolina. 

SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR: 
Robert McClennand, Michigan. 

POSTMASTER -GENERAL : 
James Campbell, Pennsylvania. 

ATTORNEY-GENERAL : 
Caleb Cdshino, Massachusetts. 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 



Year 


Imports 


Exports 


Expenditures 


Debt 


ia53 
1851 
1855 
1856 


?2G7.978.6I7 
30',5G2.:«1 
2f.l..lG8 520 
31J.G:5'J.94:i 


|!230,07r).157 
27S.;2 11,0(5 1 
275.15(1.8 IG 
32G.9()4.!)()8 


!F5l.577,0(n 
75, 173.1 1'J 
GG.U; 1.775 
72.720,341 


|G7,3^10,628 
47.242.206 
39.9G').73l 
30,%3.9()0 



IGU 



rRANKLIN PIEUCE, 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



Franklin Pierce is the son of General Benjamin Pierce, an 
oflacer in the old War of Independence, and was born at Hills- 
borough, New Hampshire, November 23rd, 1804, and was the 
fourteenth President of the United States, 

In early life he received a liberal education, and at sixteen 
years of age, entered Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, Maine. 
He graduated in 1824, studied law, and was admitted to prac- 




FRANKLIN PIERCE. 

tice at the bar in 1837, and by degrees attained the highest 
rank in his profession. 

He became an active politician, and a warm supporter of 
General Jackson in 1828. The following year he was elected 
to represent his District in the State Legislature, where he re- 
mained four years. In 1833, he was elected to Congress, and 
represented his constituents for four years in the House of 
11 161 



162 FRANKLIN PIEllCE. 

Representatives, and was then elected by the Legislature of Lis 
State, to a seat in the Senate of the United States. 

In 1S34, he married the daughter of Rev. Dr. Appleton, for- 
merly President of Bowdoiu College, and subsequently remov- 
ed to Coucord, which has since been his place of residence. 
When the war with Mexico broke out, he was active in rais- 
ing the New England regiment of Volunteers, and having 
been commissioned a Brigadier-General, he joined the army in 
Mexico under General Scott, where he distinguished himself in 
many hard-fought battles. 

At the Democratic Convention held in Baltimore, in 1852, 
he was unexpectedly nominated as the candidate for the next 
Presidency. He was elected by an overwhelming majority, 
having received 251 of the Electoral votes, while General 
Scott, the opposing candidate, received only 42. William R, 
King, of Alabama, was elected Vice-President, but was 
unable to take his seat by reason of increasing ill-health, 
which tenninated his life in April, 1853. 

Mr. Pierce was inaugurated as President on the 4th of 
March, 1853, and at the expiration of his term of office, he 
retired to private life. He died at Concord, N. H., October 
8, 1869, 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION, 

WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 
1857-1861. 



ONE TERM— FOUR TEARS. 

ELECTED BY THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 



163 



CABINET. 



PRESIDENT: 

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania. 

VICE-PRESIDENT : 

John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky. 

SECRETARIES OF STATE : 

Lewis Cass, Micbif^an. 1857. 

Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania. 1860. 

SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY: 

Howell, Cobb, Georjria. 1857. 

Philip F. Thomas, Maryland^ 1860. 

John A. Dix, New York. 1861. 

SECRETARIES OF WAR : 
John B. Floyd, Vir<;iiTia. 1857. 

Joseph Holt, Kentucky, 1861. 

SECRETxVRY OF THE NAVY : 
Isaac Toucey, Connecticut. 1857, 

SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 
Jacob Thompson, Mississippi. 1857. 

POST MASTERS-GENERAL : 
Aaron V. Brown, Tennessee. 1S57. 

Joseph Holt, Kentucky. 1859. 

Horatio King, Maine. 1861. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL : 
Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania. 1857. 
Edwin M, Stanton, Pennsylvania. 1860, 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY, 



Year 


Imports 


Exports 


Expenditures 


Debt 


1857 
185S 
1859 
ISCO 


IDfiv'.SOO.Ml 

2s^>,(;i:},ir)0 

aw,768,130 
302.162,541 


^:!(i2.9(»,fi08 
32l.(i44,421 
3.-.(i.7fl9.4f.l 
400.122.296 


171.274.587 
82.002,186 
8:5.678,643 
77.055,125 


$29,060,386 
44.910,777 
58.754.699 
64,769,703 



164 



JAMES BUCHAKAISr. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



James Buchanan, the fifteenth President of the Repub- 
lic, was of Irish parentage, and was born in Franklin County, 
Pennsylvania, on the 23rd of April, 1791. He received a liber- 
al education, and graduated at Dickinson College with the 
highest honors, at the early age of eighteen years. 

He studied law in the office of James Hopkins, of Lancas- 
ter, and in due time was admitted to the bar, and soon became 




JAMES BUCHANAN. 

a successful practitioner, attaining a high rank in his profes- 
sion. 

In 1814, when but twenty-three years of age, he was elected 
to the Legislature of his State, and in 1820, was sent to repre- 
sent his District in Congress, where he remained for ten 
165 



166 JAMES BUCHANAN. 

years, taking an active part in all of its pocoedings and becom- 
ing distinguished as a debater. 

lie "was a warm and consistent supporter of President Jack- 
son, who appointed him a Minister to Russia in 1831. In 1834, 
be was elected to a seat in the United States Senate, and rep- 
resented his constituents in that bodj' for ten years. 

In 1815, he was appointed Secretary of State, by President 
Polk, and acted as such during his term of service, and at 
the expiration thereof, retired to private life. In 18.'33, he 
was appointed Minister to England by President Pierce, in 
which official position ne exhibited all the great qualities of 
an eminent Statesman. 

Mr. Buchanan was nominated as a candidate for the Presi- 
dency, by the Democratic National Convention which assem- 
bled at Cincinnati, in June, 1856, and after a most exciting 
canvass he was elected by a large majority. The opposing 
candidates were Ex-President Fillmore, nominated by a Na- 
tional Convention of the American Party, and John C. Fre- 
mont, nominated by a National Convention of Republicans. 

The last year of his term of office Avas an eventful one : the 
Slavery question had been revived, and the most intense ex- 
citement existed in the public mind. For months previously, a 
band of conspirators, including three or four members of his 
Cabinet, had been plotting treason against the government, 
and when in November,lSGO, Abraham Lincoln was elected to 
the Presidency, this treason broke out into open rebellion, and 
in December, 18G0, the first of the Southern States seceded, 
and others soon followed. 

:Mr. Buchanan, insisting that he had no right to coerce a 
State, even in rebellion, and possessed no Constitutional pow- 
er to use the army and navy to put down the rebellion, pas- 
sively sat, with closed eyes and folded arms; which inaction 
greatly encouraged the conspirators, to go on and complete 
their work of destroying tlie Nation. 

After the close of his administration, he retired to Wheat- 
land, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he died, June 1st, 
1868. 



LmCOLI'S ADimSTRATION, 

WITH 

EIOGHAPHICAL SKETCH. 
1861-1865. 



ELECTED BT THE REPUBLICAN PARTY FOR TWO TERMS. 

Administered Four Years, One Month and Eleven Days. 
Was assassinated the lith of April 1865, Died ApriX 15/A, 1865. 



167 



cabinet; 



PRESIDENT : 
Abrauam Lincoln, Illinois. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS : 
IlaNNiBAL Hamlin, Maine. 
Andrew Jounson,. Tennessee. 

SECRETARY OF STATE : 
William II. Seward, New York. 
SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY : 
Salmon P. Chase, Ohio. 1861. 

William Pitt Fessenden, Maine. 1864. 
Hugh McCulloch, Indiana. 1865w 

SECRETARIES OF WAR : 
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania. 1801. 
Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania. 1863. 

SECRET^UIY OF THE NAVY : 
Gideon Wells, Connecticut. 1861. 

SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. 
Caleb B. Smith, Indiana. 1861. 

John P. Usher, Indiana. 1863. 

POST^IASTERS-GENERAL : 
Montgomery Blair, Maryland. 1861. 
William Dennison, Ohio. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL 
Edward Bates, Missouri. 
James J. Speed, Kentucky. 



186i. 



1861. 
1864. 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 


Year 


Imports 


Exports 


Expenditures 


Debt 


1861 
186i{ 
1863 
1864 


?'-i86,r.08,ir^ 
27r),:?5T,05i 

:«!),5()-2,895 


?2 13.971 ,277 
2-29,93S,!)85 
3l»2,:».),2r)l 
301.984.561 


$85,387,313 

570.811.700 

8ii5.79(;.G:J0 

1.208.111,656 


1P90,867,828 
511.211,371 

l,l)',)8.7'.)6.181 
1. 710.690.489 



16a 




l^rn^AlCLKVTION 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the United 
States, was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12th, 
1S09. His education in early life was quite limited. In 1816, 
his parents removed with him to Spencer County, Indiana, 
and subsequently he romoved to Illinois. 

In 1830, he was a clerk in a store ; in 1832, was a Captain of 
Volunteers in the Black Hawk war, and in 1834, was elected 
to the Legislature of the State of Illinois, where he served 
four years. 

In 1836, he was licensed to practice law in the courts of 
that State, and he commenced his profession at Springfield, 
in 1837. 

Mr. Lincoln soon rose to distinction, and became a promi- 
nent leader of the Whig party in Illinois. He canvassed the 
entire State for Henry Clay in 1844, and in 1846, was elected 
to Congress, where he served his constituents with fidelity. 

On the 16th of May, 1860, the Representatives of the Re- 
publican party assembled in Convention, in an immense 
building called " The Wigwam," erected for that purpose in 
Chicago, and on the 19th, they nominated Mr. Lincoln as their 
candidate for the Presidency, and Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, 
for the Vice-Presidency. There were three other candidates 
for the Presidency in the field, viz ; John Bell, nominated by 
the Consiituiional Lnio)i Party ; Stephen A. Douglass, by the 
regular Democratic Convention^ and John C. Breckenridge, by 
the Seceders from that Convention, calling themselves the 
National Democratic Convention. Mr. Lincoln was elected, 
having received 180 of the Electoral votes, or 57 more than all 
his opponents. 

He was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1861, amid intense 
excitement. Violence was apprehended, but General Scott 
169 



170 



ABRAHAM LINCOLM. 



liavinj; made ample provision to preserve the peace, all passed 
off quietly. The rebellion liavinj; broken out into open bos- 
tilities, commencing with the seizure of Government proper- 
ty, and the attack on Fort Sumter, the President, on the 15th 
of April, 1861, issued his first call for seventy-five thousand 
men. On the 1st of January, 18G3, he issued bis Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation, declaring all slaves in the rebellious States 
free. 
In November, 186-4, Mr. Lincoln, baving again received the 




MEDAL FROM THE FRENCH DEMOCRATS. 

nomination -was re-elected to the Presidency, ■with Andrew 
Johnson as Vice-President ; they were inaugurated on the 
4th of March, 1865, and the following month General Lee sur- 
rendered his army, thus virtually terminating the rebellion. 

On the 2Dd of April, the President, by iiroclamation, de- 
clared the war to be at an end. 

There Avas great rejoicing throughout the Republic, in the 
great success of our arms, and the bright prospect of peace, 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



IVI 



soon, however, to be changed to grief and mourning. On the 
14th of April, our lamented President was shot through the 
head by one John "Wilkes Booth, while seated with his wife 
in a private box, in Ford's theatre in Washington, causing his 
death the following morning, he then being fifty-six years of 
age. It was the result of a conspiracy to assassinate, not only 
the President, but also members of his Cabinet and others. His 
remains were interred in the Oak Ridge Cemetery, at Spring- 
field, Illinois. 




*MEDAL FROM THE FRENCH DEMOCRATS. 



•The above Engraving, represents a magnificent Gold Medal, which 
was presented by forty thousand French Democrats, to the President's 
widow, to express their sympathy for Our Republic, in the loss of so il- 
lustrious a Chief Magistrate. It is in outline, about one third less in 
size than the original— For a full descriptloa of it, see " Civil War in 
America," by Lossing.— 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 

WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
1865-1869. 



AS TICE-PRESIDE5T, HE SUCCEEDS MR. LINCOLN FOR 
REMAINDER OF TERM. 



173 



CABINET 



PRESIDENT : 

Andrew Johnson, Tennessee. 

SECRETARY OF STATE : 

William H. Seward, New York. 

SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY: 

Hugh McCulloch, Indiana. 

SECRETARIES OF WAR : 
Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania. 1865. 
Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois. 1867. 

Edwin M, Stanton, Pennsylvania. 1868. 
John M. Schofield, Missouri, 1868. 

SECRETARY OF THE NAVY : 
Gideon Wells, Connecticut. 1865. 

SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. 
John P. Usher, Indiana. 1865. 

James Harlan, Iowa. 1865. 

Orville, H. Browning, Illinois. 1866. 

POST MASTERS-GENERAL : 
William Dbnnison. Ohio. 1865. 

Alex. W. Randall, Wisconsin. 1866. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL : 

James Speed, 1865. 

Henry Stanberry, Ohio. 1866. 

William M. Evarts, New York. 1868. 



FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 



Year 


Imports 


Exports 


Expenditures 


Debt 


1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 


$234,339,810 
445,512,158 
411.733.309 
373,400,448 


$336,697,123 
550,684.299 
438.577,312 
454,301,713 


$1,897,674,224 
541,072,666 
393,079,655 
369.889,970 


$2,682,593,026 
2,783,425,879 
2,692,199,215 
2,636,320,964 



173 



ANDREW JOHNSON. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth President of the United 
States, "was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, on the 29lh of 
December, IS08. At an early age he was apprenticed to learn 
the business of a tailor, and continued at the trade for several 
years. 

Unlike most of the young men of this country, he grew up in 




ANDREW JOHNSON. 

utter ignorance of the most common branches of an English 
education, and was not able either to read or write until he was 
twenty years of age, after removing to Greenville in East Ten- 
nessee, lie subsequently became an Alderman of that place, 
and in I80O, was elected Mayor, which ollicehe lilled for three 
years. 
In 1885, he was chosen to the State Legislature, and in 1S43, 
174 



ANDREW JOHNSON. 1T5 

he was elected to Congress, and represented his State therein 
for several years. In 1853, he was chosen Governor of Ten- 
nessee, and was re-elected to that office. 

In 1857, he was elected United States Senator, and was sub- 
sequentl}', in 1862, appointed by President Lincoln, Military 
Governor of Tennessee. He had previously been a Democrat 
in politics, and in the election of 1860, had used his influence 
to elect Mr. Breckenridge to the Presidency. He professed, 
however, to have changed his views materially, condemn- 
ed the course of the South in the rebellion, and supported the 
measures of President Lincoln. 

The Union National Convention, held at Baltimore, in 
June, 1864, nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency, and 
Mr. Johnson for the Vice-Presidency, and in November, they 
were elected by a large majority. 

On the 15th of April, 1865, a few hours after the death of 
Mr. Lincoln, he tooli the oath of office as President of the 
United States. Disagreements soon arose between Congress 
and the President, respecting the reconstruction of the States 
lately in rebellion, and it soon became evident that he was 
more friendly to the late enemies of the country, than he was 
to her true, and tried friends. He issued an order to Mr. 
Stanton, removing him from his office of Secretary of War, 
and performed many acts, considered by the majority of the 
people, as highly improper in a Chief Magistrate. 

On the 22nd of February, 1868, by a vote of 126 to 47, it 
was resolved by the House of Representatives, that Andrew 
Johnson, President, be impeached of high crimes and misde- 
meanors. Articles of impeachment were prepared and pre- 
sented, and on the 5th of March, 1868, the Senate of the Uni- 
ted States, for the first time, was organized as a court for the 
trial of the President. Chief-Justice Salmon P. Chase presid- 
ed. The trial continued from the 30Lh of March, to the 6th 
of May, 1868, when the case was submitted to the Senate. Its 
decision was given on the 26th of May. Thirty-five found 
him guilty, and nineteen voted " Not guilty." 

In order to convict, it was necessary that two thirds should 
vote in the affirmative ; one vote of the required number being 
wanted, he was acquitted. 

Mr. Johnson died, July 31, 1875. 



GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION, 

WITH 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 

1869-1877. 



TWO TERMS— EIGHT YEARS. 

ELECTED BT TEE REPUBLICAN PARTT. 



i7r> 



PRESIDENT: 
Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois. 
VICE PRESIDENTS : 
Schuyler Colfax, Indiana. 
Henry Wilson, Massachusetts. 
SECRETARY OF STATE: 
Hamilton Fisn, New York. 
SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY: 
George S. Boutwell, Massachusetts. 
William A. Richardson, Massachusetts. 
Benjamin II. Bristow, Kentucky, 
SECRETARIES OF WAR: 
John A. Hawlins, Illinois. 1869. 

William W. Belknap, Iowa, 1869. 

Alphonso Taft, Ohio. 1876. 

SECRETARIES OP THE NAVY ; 
Adolpiie E. Borie, Pennsylvania, 1869. 

Georoe M. Robeson, New Jersey, 1869. 

SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR: 
Jacob D. Coxe, Ohio, 1869. 

Columbus Delano, Ohio. 1870. 

Zachariah Chandler, Michigan, 1875. 

POSTMASTERS-GENERAL : 
John A, J. Creswell, Maryland, 1869. 

Marshall Jewell, Connecticut^ 1874. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL : 
E. RoCKWOOD Hoar, Massachusetts, 1809. 
George H. Williams, Oregon. 18G9. 

Edwards Pierrepont New York, 1875. 



STATEMENT OF THE PUBLIC DEBT, Nov. SO, 1875. 

Total amorint of Principal $2,207,986,255 

" ■'• ■" lulerest 34,900,516 

Total Debt $2,242,946,771 



Cash m the Treasurj^ Coin $70,404,676 

Currency 12.014.962 

Deposits for Redemption Certificates 42,610,000 

$125,029,638 

Dket Less Cash in Treasury $2,117,917,133 



Decrease or Debt fkom March 1, 1869 to Dec. 1, 1875, $509,86.3,271 
13 177 



ULYSSES S. GRANTo 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



Our present chief magistrate, Ulj'sses S. Grant, being the 
eighteenth President of the United States, is of English descent. 
His grandfather,- Noah Grant, was born in Coventry, Connect- 
icut, on the 23d of June, 1748. He took an active part in the 
battle of Lexington, in the capacity of a Lieutenant, and 




ULYSSES S. GRANT, 

served throtigh the Revolutionary war, having been promoted 
to the rank of Captain. 

lie subsequently removed to Westmoreland County, Penn., 
-where, on the 23d of January, 1701, his father, Jesse Root 
Grant was born. In 17U9, the family removed to Ohio, and on 
Ihc 27th of Apiil, 1822, at Point Pleasant, Clarmont County, 

178 



tJLYSSES S. GRAKT. 179 

Ohio, in a small frame, one-story dwelling, was born Ulysses 
S. Grant, the subject of this slietch. 

His mother's maiden name was Hannah Simpson ; she was 
the only daughter of a thrifty farmer, a lady much beloved and 
respected. 

A few months after his birth, his father removed to George- 
town, in Brown County, where he prosecuted successfully liis 
business as a tanner. The early education of Ulysses was very 
much neglected, and being passionately fond of horses, most 
of his time was spent in driving the " team," and making him- 
self useful to his father. He subsequently attended school at 
Maysville, Kentucky, and at the Academy at Ripley. 

Through the influence of Thomas L? Hamer, a Member of 
Congress from the Georgetown district, he received an appoint- 
ment to the Military Academy at "West Point and at once ap- 
plied himself to study, under a professional teacher, and on 
the 15th of May, 1839, he started for West Point, being then 
in his eighteenth 3'ear. 

He soon became initiated, and grew quite popular among 
the cadets, for his modesty and amiability, and was nicknamed 
" Uncle Sam." He was a fair scholar, but excelled in mathe- 
malics. 

On the 30 th of June, 1843, Grant graduated, being the twen- 
ty-first, on a list of thirty-nine. These were all that were left 
of more than one hundred who had entered the class with him. 
He was at once appointed brevet second Lieutenant in the 
Fourth Infantry, and took an active part in the Mexican War 
which followed, exhibiting at all times, great coolness and 
bravery, and at the close of which, he bore the brevet rank of 
Captain. In 1853, he was promoted to the rank of full Cap- 
tain. 

At St. Louis, on the 22ud of August, 18-18, Grant married 
Miss Julia B. Dent, daughter of Colonel Frederick Dent, a 
young lady, very attractive in her manners, and amiable in 
disposition, whom be had known, and to whom he had been 
engaged for some years. 

In 1854, he resigned his commission, and having lost some 
sixteen hundred dolLirs by the sutler of his regiment, he found 



1 80 rLYSSES S. G RxVXT. 

liimsclf rcclucccl topovert3'and Avant, against wliicli lie stru2:gled 
for sevcriil years, Avithout means, and without any legitimate 
business. 

His father, Colonel Dent,"had given his daughter Julia, six- 
ty acres of land from his farm at "Whitehaven, and also three 
or four slaves. On tliis land he built himself a small house, 
hauling the logs for Its walls, and splitting the shingles for the 
roof with his own hands. This place he named " Ilardscrab- 
ble," suggested by the hard struggle he experienced in obtain- 
ing from it sufficient for the bare sustenance of his family. 

After four years of hard labor upon his small farm, and af- 
ter expending some two thousand dollars his father had ad- 
vanced him, he gave up farming as a failure, and went into 
partnership with one Mr. Boggs, at St. Louis, Mo., as real es- 
tate agents. 

This copartnership commenced January 1st, 1S59, and con- 
tinued for about nine months, when, finding the business 
would not support two families, the copartnership was dis- 
solved. Frou'i this time, to JIarch, 18G0, Captain Grant had 
no permanent business, although he had a wife and four chil- 
dren to support. 

In March, ISGO, he removed with his family to Galena, Illi- 
nois, his father and brothers having offered him a situation in 
their store, at an annual salary of six hundred dollars per an- 
num, with the promise of an interest in the business, at some 
future time. His father had been successful in business, and 
M-as worth from seventy-five to one hundred thousand dollars 
at this time. 

About the 1st of May, 18G1, after the breaking out of the 
rebellion, through the influence of Elihu B. Washburne, and 
others, Governor Yates, of Illinois, took him into his office, 
as his military adviser, and Adjutant-General. He had pre- 
viously to this, tendered his services to the Government at 
Washington, but his letter had been unanswered. 

On the 4th of May, he was put in command of Camp Yates, 
during the absence of Captain Pope, and subsequently mus- 
tered several regiments into the service. On the 10th of June, 
Lc was appointed Colonel of the Tweuty-First Illinois Volun- 



ULYSSES S. GRANT. 181 

teers, and requested to take command at once. Of his com- 
mission, Governor Yates subsequently said, " It was the most 
glorious day of my life when I signed it." 

Beinj; without horse, or uniform, he obtained the indorse- 
ment of an old friend to his note for three hundred dollars, 
which he got discounted, and with the proceeds, purchased 
them. His regiment was first ordered to Mexico, in Missouri, 
and there being no means of transportation, he marched them 
across the country on foot. In two months afterwards. Col- 
onel Grant was appointed a Brigadier-General, his commission 
dating back to the 17th of May. 

From this time, his promotion from rank to rank was rapid. 
In the battles in which he was engaged, he exhibited the same 
military qualities, as had been displayed by General Taylor in 
Mexico. Cool, calculating, persevering, and brave, he went 
into a fight expecting to be victorious, and when he was 
whipped, he did not " see it," and consequently did not " stay 
whipped." 

In his first battle at Belmont, where he handled three thou- 
sand men so successfully, when a member of his staff, who 
had never been under fire before, rode up to him exclaiming, 
" Why, General, we are entirely lost ! They have surrounded 
us!" he replied, apparently unmoved, "Well then, we will 
cut our way out. We have whipped them once to-day, and I 
think we cun again." 

His subsequent brilliant campaigns, did not secure him from 
thevilest of slanders. He was denounced as a drunkard, as be- 
ing blood-thirsty, reckless of human life, incompetent, an ut- 
terly unfit to command a large body of troops. President 
Lincoln was strongly urged to remove him. After his capture 
of Vicksburg, however, where in the capitulation, he received 
fifteen Generals, about thirty-thousand soldiers, and one hun- 
dred and seventy-two cannon, President Lincoln sent him 
that remarkable autograph letter, dated July 16th, 1863, 
wherein,after acknowledging the great services, he had render- 
ed the Country, he concludes with these words, *'I now wish to 
make the personal acknowledgement, that you were right^ and 
I was xorong.'''' 



1S2 ULYSSES S. Cr.AXT. 

In 18G4, a bill passed Congress, reviving the grade of Lieu- 
tenant-Gcneral, and authorizing the Executive to confer it 
upon some officer. This high rank in 1798, was created for 
Washington, in anticipation of a war with France. It was 
discontinued when he died. After the Mexican war, it was 
conferred by brevet on Winficld Scott. At the time of the 
passage of the bill, no other Americans had ever held it. 

This bill, being passed, and Grant having been appointed 
to this office, by the President, he was telegraphed to report 
to the War Department in person, which he did, and received 
personally from the President, the commission. Soon after 
this he started West, and upon his arrival at Nashville, found 
an order from the War Department, formally assigning him 
to the command of all the forces of the United States, with head- 
quarters in the field. 

lie made short work with the rebellion, and upon the 
surrender of Lee and his army, it was virtually at an end. 
General Grant's military career, from beginning to end, was a 
glorious one. He has fought more battles, and gaiued more 
victories, has captured more prisoners, and taken more guns 
than any General of modern times. 

On the 12th of August, 18G7, President Johnson suspended 
Stanton, and made Grant Secretary of War ad interim. The 
Senate subsequently refused to sanction this suspen- 
sion, whereupon Grant surrendered the office to Stanton, 
against the wishes of President Johnson, 

On the 20th of May, at a National Convention of the Repub- 
lican party held in Chicago, General Gi'ont was unanimously 
nominated for the Presidency, and Schuyler Colfax for the 
Vice-Presidency, both of whom were elected by large majori- 
ties over Seymour and Blair, the opposing candidates, and he 
was inaugnrated on the 4th of March, 1800. 

The administration of President Grant has been financiall}', 
a successful one. At the commencement of his term, March 
4th, 1809, the aggregate debt of the Country was nearly two 
billions, six hundred and thirty millions of dollars. Since 
then it has rapidly decreased. On the 1st of Decem- 
ber 1871, it had decreased two hundred and seventy-seven 



ULYSSES S. GRANT. 183 

millions. The decrease from March 1, 1869, to December 1, 
18*76, was oxer five hundred milliGns. 

On the 5th day of June, 1872, at a National Convention of 
the Republican party held in the Academy of MuBic, in Phila- 
delphia, General Grant, amid the wildest enthusiasm, was 
unanimously renominated for the Presidency, and Henry 
Wilson was nominated for tlie Vice-Presidency, both ,of whom 
5yere elected by large majorities. 



ELECTOKAL VOTES 

FOJl 

PresMent ani Vice-Presklent of tlie Unitei Statas, 

UNDEK THE CONSTITUTION. 



FIRST TERM— 1789 TO 1795 

At the time of this election, only eleven states had ratified 
the CoustitutioQ. North Curollua and Rhode Island had rejected 
it, and the Legislature of New York, by reason of some disa- 
greement between the two branches, had failed in i^assing a 
law respecting the choosing of the Electors, and consequently 
no Electors were appointed to represent that State. Only toi. 
States, therefore, participated in the election. 

By the Constitution, as it then stood, the presidential elec- 
tors voted for twapersoiis, and the one receiving the highest 
number of votes, was to be the President, and the one having 
the next highest number, was to be the Vice-President. It 
was necessary that the President should receive a nutjority of 
the whole number of electoral votes, but this was not neces- 
sary to elect the Vice-President. 

Whole number of Electors, G9. 

Electoral Vote— George Washington, 69 ; John Adams, 
31 ; John Jay, 9 ; R. II. Harrison, G ; John Rutledge, G; John 
Hancock, 4 ; George Clinton, 3 ; Samuel Huntington, 3 ; John 
Milton, 2 ; James Armstrong, 1 ; Edward Telfair, 1 ; Benjamin 
Lincoln, 1. 

George Washington was thereupon declared the President, 
and John Adams, the Vice-President. 



SECOND TER:\I— 1793 TO 1797. 

Fifteen states participated in this election ; Rhode Island 
and North Carolina having ratified the Constitution, and two 
ncAV States, Vermont and Kentucky, having been admitted in- 
to the Union. 

184 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 185 

Whole number of Electors, 133. 

Electoral Vote — George Washington, 133 ; John Adams, 
77; George Clinton, 50; Thomas Jefferson, 4; Aaron Burr, 1. 

George Washington Avas therefore again declared the Presii 
dent, and John Adams the Vice-President. 



THIRD TER:\I— 1797 TO ISOl. 

Tennessee having been admitted, the whole number of 
States, IG. 

Whole number of Electors, 138. 

Electoral Vote — John Adams, 71 ; Thomas Jefferson, 68; 
Aaron Burr, 30 ; Samuel Adams, 15 ; Oliver Ellsworth, 11 ; 
George Clinton, 7 ; John Jay, 5 ; James Iredell, 3 ; George 
Washington, 3 ; John Henry, 3 ; S. Johnson, 3 ; Charles C. 
Pinckney, 1. 

Jonu Adams was therefore declared the President, and 
Thomas Jefferson the Vice-President. 



FOURTH TERM— 1801 TO 1805. 

Whole number of States, 16. 

Whole number of Electors, 18S. 

Electoral Vote— Thomas Jefferson, 73 ; Aaron Burr, 73 ; 
John Adams, 65 ; Charles C. Pinckney, 61 ; John Jay, 1. 

The votes for Jefferson and Burr being the highest, and 
equal^ there was no election. It was necessary, therefore, un- 
dcrthe Constitution, that the House of Representatives should 
decide which one was to be President, and which one Vice- 
President. On the 3Gi/i ballot, Mr. Jefferson was chosen Pi'cs- 
idcnt, and IMr. Burr Vice-President. 



FIFTH TERM— 1805 TO 1809. 

Previous to this election, an amendment to the Constitution* 
relative to the election of President and Vice-President had 
been proposed, so as to designate which person had heeix voted fov 



186 ELECTORAL VOTES. 

as President^ and which one as Vice-President. This Amendment 
had passed both branches of Conf^ress, and in 1804, it had been 
ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the States as 
required by the Constitution, and on the 25th of September, 
180-1, it was announced by tlic Sccretaiy of State, as liavinjj 
been duly adopted and ratified. Hence at this election, they 
were voted for separately. Ohio had also been admitted into 
the Union. 

Whole number of States, 17. 

Whole number of Electors, 176. 

Electoral Vote.— For President, Thomas JefTerson, 103 ; 
Charles C. Pinekncy, 14. 

For Vice-President, George Clinton, 102; Rufus King, 14. 

Mr. Jefferson was therefore declared the President elect, 
and Mr. Clinton the Vice-President. 



SIXTH TERM— 1809 TO 1813. 

Whole number of States, 17. 

Whole number of Electors, 175. 

Electoral Vote.— For President, James Madison, 122; 
George Clinton, 6; C. C. Pinekncy, 47; 

For Vice-President, George Clinton, 113 ; James Madison, 
S ; James Monroe, 3 ; John Langdon, 9, ; Rufus King, 47 ; 

Mr. Madison was therefore declared the President elect, 
and Mr. Clinton the Vice-Pi-esident. 



SEVENTH TERM— 1813 TO 1817. 

Whole number of States, 18. 

Whole number of Electors, 217. 

Electoral Vote.— For President, James Madison, 128; 
De Witt Clinton, of New York, 89. 

For Vice-President, Elbridge Gerry, 131 ; Jared Ingersoll, 
86. 

Mr. Madison was therefore declared the President elect, 
and Mr. Gerry the Vice-President 



ELECTOEAL VOTES. 187 i 

EIGHTH TERM-1817 TO 1831. 

Whole number of States, 19. 

Whole number of Electors, 217. 

Electoral Vote. — For President, James Monroe, 183; 
Rufus King, 34 

For Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, 183 ; John E. 
Howard, 23 ; James Ross, 5 ; John Marshall, 4 ; Robert G. 
Harper, 8. 

Mr. Monroe "was therefore declared the President elect, and 
Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-President. 



NINTH TERM— 1831 TO 1825. 

Whole number of States, 21. 

Whole number of Electors, 283. 

Electoral Vote.— For President, James Monroe, 231 ; 
John Quincy Adams, 1. 

For Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, 218; Richard 
Stockton, 8 ; Robert G. Harper, 1 ; Richard Rush, 1 ; Daniel 
Rodney, 1. 

Mr. Madison, was therefore declared the President elect, 
and Mr. Tompkins the Vice-President. 



TENTH TERM— 1825 TO 1829. 

Whole number of States, 21. 

Whole number of Electors, 261. 

Electoral Vote.— For President, Andrew Jackson, 99 ; 
John Quincy Adams, 84 ; William H. Crawford, 41 ; Henry 
Clay, 37. 

For Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, 182 : Nathan Sanf ord, 
CO ; Nathaniel Macon, 24 ; Andrew Jackson, 13 ; Martin Van 
Buren, 9 ; Henry Clay, 3. 

Neither of the candidates for the Presidency receiving a 
majority^ there was no election, and the vote was carried to 
the House of Representatives, where Adams received the vote 
of 13 States, Jackson of 7 States, and Crawford of 4 States. 

Adams was therefore elected President, and John C. Cal- 
houn, the Vice-President. 



188 ELECTORAL VOTES. 

ELEVENTH TERM— 1829 TO 1833. 

Whole number of States, 24. 

Whole number of Electors, 201. 

ElECTORAL Vote.— For President, Andrew Jackson, 178 ; 
John Quiney Adams, 83 ; 

For Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, 171 ; Richard Rush, 
83 ; William Smith, 7. 

Popular Vote.— For President, Jackson, 050,028 ; Adams, 
512,158. 

Mr. Jackson, was therefore declared the President elect, 
and Mr. Calhoun, the Vice-President. 



TWELFTH TERM— 1833 TO 1837. 

Whole number of States, 24. 

Whole number of Electors, 288. 

Electoral Vote. — For President, Andrew Jackson, 219; 
Henry Clay, 49; John Floyd, 11 : William Wirt, 7. 

For Vice-President, Martin A^an Buren, 189; John Sargent, 
49; William Wilkins, 30; Henry Lee, 11: Amos Ellmaker, 7. 

Popular Vote. — For Piesident, Jackson, 087,502 ; Clay, 
550,189; Wirt and Floyd combined, 33,108. 

Mr. Jackson was therefore declared the President elect, 
and Martin Van Buren, the Vice-President. 



THIRTEENTH TERM— 1837 TO 1841. 

Whole number of States, 2G. 

Whole n timber of Electors, 294. 

Electoral Vote. — For President, Martin Van Buren, 170 ; 
William H. Harrison, 73; Hu<,^h L. White, 20; Daniel Web- 
ster, 14 : W. P. Mangum, 11. 

For Vice-Presidcut, Richard I\r. Johnson, 147; Francis 
Granger, 77 ; John Tyler, 47 ; William Smith, 23. 

Popular Vote.— For President, Van Buren, 702,149; all 
others combined, 730,730. 

Mr. Van Buren was therefore declared the President elect, 
and Mr. Johnson the Vice-President. 



ELECTORAL VOTE. 189 

FOURTEENTH TERM— 18il TO lSi5. 

Whole number of States, 26, 

Whole number of Electors, 294. 

Electoral Vote.— For President, Wm. H. Harrison, 234 ; 
Martin Van Buren, 60. 

For Vice-President, John Tyler, 234; R. M. Johnson, 48; 
L. W. Tazwcll, 11 ; James K Polk, 1. 

Popular Vote.— Harrison, 1,274,783 ; Van Buren, 1,128,702 
James G. Birney, 7,609. 

Mr. Harrison was therefore declared the President elect, 
and Mr. Tyler, the Vice-President. 



FIFTEENTH TERM— 1845 TO 1849. 

"Whole number of States, 26. 

Whole number of Electors, 275. 

Electoral Vote.— For President, James K. Polk, 170 ; 
Henry Clay, 105. 

For Vice-President, George M. Dallas, 170 ; Theodore Fre- 
linghuysen; 105. 

Popular Vote. — For President, Polk, 1,335,834 ; Clay, 
1,297,033; Frelinghuyson, 105. 

Mr. Polk was therefore declared the President elect, and 
^Ir. Dallas the Vice President. 



SIXTEENTH TERM.— 1849 to 1853. 

Whole number of States, 30. 

Whole number of Electors, 290. 

Electoral Vote. —For President, Zachary Taylor, 163; 
Lewis Cass, 127. 

For Vice President, Millard Fillmore, 163 ; William O. But- 
ler, 127. 

Popular Vote.— Taylor, 1,302,031; Cass, 1,222,445; Van 
Buren, 291,455. 

]\Ir. Taylor was therefore declared the President elect, and 
Mr. Fillmore the Vice-President. 



190 ELECTORAL VOTE. 

SEVENTEENTH TERM.— 1853 to 1857. 

Whole number of States, 31. 

Whole number of Electors, 296. 

Electoral Vote. — For President, Franklin Pierce, 254-, 
Winlield Scott, 42. 

For Vice-President, William R. King, 254; William A. 
Graham, 42. 

PoruLAR Vote.— For President, Pierce, 1,590,490 ; Scott, 
1,378,589 ; John P. Hale, 157,290. 

Mr. Pierce -was therefore declared the President elect, and 
Mr. Kinsr the Vice-President. 



EIGHTEENTH TERM.— 1857 to ISGl. 

Whole number of States, 31. 

Whole number of Electors, 296. 

Electoral Vote.— For President, James Buchanan, 174 ; 
John C. Fremont, 109 ; Millard Fillmore, 8. 

For Vice-President, John C. Breckcnridge, 174 ; William L. 
Dayton, 109 . Andrew J. Donalson. 8. 

Popular Vote.— Buchanan, 1,832,232; Freeraont, 1,341,- 
514 ; Millard Fillmore, 874,907. 

Mr. Buchanan -was therefore elected President, and Mr. 
Breckenridge the Vice-President. 



NINETEENTH TERM.— ISGl to 18G5. 

Whole number of States, 33. 

Whole number of Electors, 303. 

Electoral Vote.— For President, Abraham Lincoln, 180, 
John C. Breckenridge, 72; John Bell, 39; Stephen A. Doug- 
lass, 12. 

For Vice-President, Hannibal Hamlin, ISO; Joseph Lane, 
72. Edward Everett, 39; H. V. Johnson, 12. 

Popular Vote.— Lincoln, 1,857,010 ; Douglass, 1,305,976 ; 
Breckenridge, 847,953 ; Bell, 590,031. 

Mr. Lincoln was therefore elected President, and Mr. Ham- 
lin the Vice-President. 



ELECTORAL VOTE. 191 

TWENTIETH TERM.— 1865 to 1869. 

The States in rebellion did not vote in tliia election. 

Number of States participating in the election, 25. 

Whole number of Electors who voted, 233. 

Electoral Vote. — For President, Abraham Lincoln, 213 ; 
George B, McClellan, 21. 

For Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, 212; George H. 
Pendleton, 21. 

Popular Vote.— For President, Lincoln 2,223^)35 ; Mc- 
Clellan, 1,811,754.— Total Vote, 4,034,789. 

Mr. Lincoln was therefore re-elected President, and Mr, 
Johnson elected the Vice-President. 



TWENTY- FIRST TERM.— 1860 to 1873. 

Whole number of States which voted, 34, 

Whole number of Electors who voted, 294. 

Electoral Vote. — For President, Ulysses S. Grant, 214 -, 
Horatio Seymour, 80. 

For Vice-President, Schuyler Colfax, 214 ; Blair, 80. 

Popular Vote.— For President, Grant, 3,021,020 ; Sey- 
mour, 2,716,475.— Total, 5,737,495. 

Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas, did not take part in the 
election. The Legislature of Florida chose the Electors. 

Grant and Colfax were therefore elected. 



TWENTY SECOND TERM.— 1873 to 1877. 

Whole number of States, 37. 

Whole number of Electors, 366. 

Electoral Vote. — For President, Ulysses S. Grant, 292 j 
Horace Greeley, 74. 

Popular Vote. — For President, Grant, 3/579,793 ■ Gree- 
ley, 2,842,425 ; O'Connor, 29,489 ; Black, 5,608. Total Vote, 
6,457,315. Grant's majority over Greeley. 737,368 ; over all, 
702,371. 

Grant was therefore elected President, and Wilson, Vice- 
President, 



PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1872. 

Popular, and Electorial Vote by States. 



states. 


Popular Vote. 


Electorial Vote. 


Majority. 


Grant. 


Greeley. 


Grant. 


Greeley. 


Alabama 


..90,272. 


..79,444.. 
..37,927.. 
..40,718.. 
..45,872.. 
..10,205.. 
..15,428.. 


...10... 
....6... 
....6... 
.. 6... 
....3... 
4... 




10 828 


Arkansas 

California 

Connecticut 


. .41,073. 
.-54,020. 
..50,6:38. 
..11,115. 


;3,146 

12,234 

4,356 

. . . .423 


Florida 


..17,705. 


2,337 .. 


Georgia 

Illinois 


..62.715. 
.241,248. 
.186,144. 
.131,233. 
..67,048. 


..76,278.. 
.184,770 


"hi" 


....11... 


*9,.563.... 

53 420 


Indiana 


.163,637.. 
..71,1:34.. 
..32.970.. 


...15... 
...11... 
....5... 




21,090 

57 878 




Kansas 


33,482. . 




..88,816. 


.100,212.. 
..66,467.. 




....12... 

... 8.. 


*9,022 

*6,492 .. 


Louisiana 


..59,975. 


Maine 


..61,422. 


29.087. 


r- 




32,335 


Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 


..66,760. 
.133,472. 
.136,202. 
..55,709. 


..67,685.. 
..59,260.. 
..77,027.. 
..35,211. 


'.'.'Ah'." 
...11... 

... 5. . 


8... 


*904 

74,212 

55,043 

20,498 


Mississippi 

Missouri 


..81,916. 
.119,196. 
..18,245 


..47,191.. 
.151,4:3:3.. 
...7.705.. 
...6,230.. 
..31,425.. 
76 801 


....8... 

;;;;3:'.: 

....3... 

....5... 

9 


'.'.'..15". 



34.725 

*29.808 

10,.540 .. 


Nevada. 


8,413 


2 177 


New Hampshire. . 
New Jersey 


..37,168. 
91 611 


5,443 

.... 14 180 


New York 

North Carolina ... 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania — 

Hhode Island 

South Carolina.. . 


.440,7.59. 
. .94,304. 
.281,8.52. 
..11,820. 
.349.680. 
..13,665. 
..72,290. 
..83,655. 
47,406. 


.387,279.. 
..69.474.. 
.244.:321.. 
...7.746.. 
.211,961.. 
...5.329.. 
..22.903.. 


...35... 
...10... 
...22... 
....3... 

...29... 
....4... 




.53,480 

24,830 

34,268 

3,.5C2. ... 

136,008.. .. 

8,:3C6 

49,200 


Tennessee 

Texas 


..94,391.. 
66.. 500. 




....12... 

... 8 


*10.7C6. ... 

....*10.514 


Vermont . 


41 487 


19 047 


5 




29 947 




..93,415. 


01,440.. 


...11... 
. .. 5. 




1.903 


West Virginia 


32.283 


2!>..5:37. 


2.143 .. 


Wisconsin 


.104.002. 
3,579,793 


..86.477.. 


...10... 




17.681 




2,a 12,425. 


292 


74 





Wliole vote 6,4.57.315, which includes 29,489 for O'Connor, straight 
Dem., and 5,608 for Black, the temperance candidate. Grant's majority 
over Greeley, 7:37.:368 ; over all, 702,271, 

*Majonty for Greeley. 

192 




THE WHITE HOUSE. 



TH E 

LIBERAL REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 

Held in Cincinnati, Mat 1st, 1872, 



CANDIDATES AND PLATFORM, 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, &a 



18 ;9i| 



LIBERAL TIEPUBLICA!^ CONYEXTIOX. 



On the 1st day of May, 1872, Exposition Hall in Cincinnati, 
■was crowded witli delegates and spectators from all parts of 
the Union, to participate in, and witness the proceedings of 
the Liberal Republican Convention then and there convened. 
Great interest and excitement have ever attended this class 
of National gathering. At 13 o'clock. Colonel Grosvenor 
having called the Convention to order, made a few remaiks 
and then named Judge Stanley Matthews of Ohio, as temi^or- 
ary Chairman. 

The following day, the Committee on permanent organiza- 
tion, reported for permanent President, Senator Carl Shurz ; 
with one Vice-President, and a Secretary from each State and 
Territory, which report was adopted. The Committee on 
Rules reported as follows : 

First. That the rules and regulations governing the House of Rep- 
resentatives of the United States, shall be the rules governing this 
body, provided that no delegates shall be entitled to spealc more than 
once upon the same question, and shall be limited to five minutes, 
except the mover thereof, who, in closing debate, shall be entitled to 
five minutes more. 

Second. The delegation from each State shall cast the entire vote of 
the State, and every dolegate shall represent such a proportion of the 
entire vote, as he sliall be of the delegation present and his vote shall 
be reported to the Convention by the Chairman of the delegation as 
cast by the delegate. 

Third. In voting for candidates for President and Vice-rrcsident of 
the United States, a majority of all the votes shall be requisite to a 
choice. 

Fourth. To facilitate the business of the Convention, the Yeas and 
Nays shall not be called, but a division of the Convention may be had 
by a call of the States. 

On the 3d day of May, Mr. Horace White, from the Com- 
mittee on Platform, reported an address and a series of reso- 
lutions. The report was adopted. The following is the 
Address and Platform. 

194 



LIBERAL KEPUBLICAN CONVEXTIOif. 195 

THE ADDRESS. 

The Administration now in power, has rendered itself guilty of 
wanton disregard of the laws of the land, and ursurped powers not 
granted by the Constitution. It has acted as if the laws had binding 
force only for those who are governed, and not for those who govern. 
It has thus struck a blow at the fundamental principles of constitu- 
tional government and the liberty of the citizen. The President of the 
United States has openly used the powers and opportunities of his high 
office for the promotion of personal ends. He has kept notoriously 
corrupt and unworthy men in places of power and responsibility to the 
detriment of the public interest. He has used the public service of the 
Government as a machinery of partisan and personal influence, and 
interfered with tyrranical arrogance in tne political affairs of States 
and municipalities. He has rewarded, with iufluentiai and lucrative 
oflaces, men who had acquired his favor by valuable presents; thus 
stimulating demoralization of our political life by his conspicuous 
example. He has shown himself deplorably unequal to the tasks 
imposed upon him by the necessities of the country, and culpably 
careless of the responsibilities of his high office. The partisans of the 
Administration, assuming to be the Republican party, and controlling 
its organization, have attempted to justify such wrongs and palliate 
such abuses, to the end of maintaining partisan ascendency. They 
have stood in the way of necessary Investigations and indispensable 
reforms, pretending that no serious fault could be found with the 
present administration oi public affairs ; thus seeking to blind the eyes 
of the people. They have kept alive the passions and resentments of 
the late civil war, to use them for their own advantage. 

They have resorted to arbitrary measures in direct conflict with the 
organic law instead of appealing to the better instincts and latent 
patriotism of the Southern people, by restoring to them those rights, 
the enjoyment of which, is indispensible for a successful administration 
of their local affairs, and would tend to move a patriotic and hopeful 
national feeling. They have degraded themselves, and the name of 
their party, once justly entitled to the confidence of the nation, by a 
base sycophancy to the dispenser of executive power and patron- 
age unworthy of Republican freemen ; they have sought to stifle the 
voice of just criticism, to stifle the moral sense of the people, and to 
subjugate public opinion by tyrannical party discipline. They are 
striving to maintain themselves in authority for selfish ends, by an 
unscrupulous use of the power which rightfully belongs to the people, 
and should be employed only in the service of the country. Believing 
that an organization thus led and controlled can no longer be of service 
to the best interests of the Republic, we have resolved to make an 
independent appeal to the sober judgment, conscience, and patriotism 
of the American people. 



196 LIBERAL REPUBLICAN CONVENTION, 

THE PLATFORM. 

"We, the Liberal Republicans of the United States, in 
National Convention assembled at Cincinnati, proclaim the 
following principles as essential to just government : 

First. "We recognize the equality of all men before the law, 
and hold that it is the duty of Government, in its dealings 
•with the people, to mete out equal and exact justice to all, of 
whatever nativity, race, color, or persuasion, religious, or 
political. 

Second. "We pledge ourselves to maintain the Union of these 
States, emancipation and enfranchisement, and to oppose any 
reopening of the questions settled by the Thirteenth, Four- 
teenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution. 

Third. "We demand the immediate and absolute removal 
of all disabilities imposed on account of the Rebellion, which 
was finally subdued seven years ago, believing that universal 
amnesty will result in complete pacification in all sections of 
the country. 

Fourth. Local self-government, with impartial suffrage, 
will guard the rights of all citizens more securely than any 
centralized power. The public welfare requires the supremacy 
of the civil over the military authority, and freedom of 
person under the protection of the habeas corpus. "Wo 
demand for the individual the largest liberty consistent with 
public order; for the State, self-government, and for the 
nation, to return to the methods of peace and the constitu- 
tional limitations of power. 

Fifth. The Civil Service of the Government has become a 
mere instrument of partisan tyranny and personal ambition, 
and an object of selfish greed. It is a scandal and reproach 
upon free institutions, and breeds a demoralization dangerous 
to the perpetuity of republican government. "We therefore 
regard such thorough reforms of the Civil Service as one of 
the most pressing necessities of the hour; that honesty, 
capacity, and fidelity constitute the only valid claim to public 
employment; that the offices of the Govcrnmeut cease to be 
a matter of arbitrary favoritism and patronage, and that public 
station become again a post of honor. To this end it is 



LIBERAL REPUBLICAN CONVENTIOiT. 197 

imperatively required tliat no President shall be a candidate 
for re-election. 

Sixth. We demand a system of Federal taxation, "which 
shall not tinnccessarily interfere with the industry of the 
people, and which shall provide the means necessary to pay 
the expenses of the Government economically administered, 
the pensions, the interest on the public debt, and a moderate 
reduction annually of the principal thereof ; and, recognizing 
that there arc in our midst, honest, but irreconcilable differ- 
ences of opinion, with regard to the resi^ective systems of 
Protection and Free Trade, we remit the discussion of the 
subject to the people in their Congress Districts, and to the 
decision of Congress thereon, wholly free of Executive 
interference or dictation. 

Seventh, The public credit must be sacredly maintained, 
and we denounce repudiation in every form and guise. 

Eighth. A speedy return to specie payment, is demanded 
alike by the highest considerations of commercial morality 
and honest government. 

Ninth. We remember with gratitude the heroism and 
sacrilices of the soldiers and sailors of the Republic, and no 
act of ours shall ever detract from their justly-earned fame, 
or the full reward of their patriotism. 

Tenth. We are opposed to all further grants of lands to 
railroads, or other corporations. The public domain should be 
held sacred to actual settlers. 

Eleventh. We hold that it is the duty of the Government, 
in its intercourse with foreign nations, to cultivate the 
friendship of peace, by treating with all on fair and equal 
terms, regarding it alike dishonorable either to demand what 
is not right, or submit to what is wrong. 

Twelfth. For the promotion and success of these vital 
principles, and the support of the candidates nominated by 
this Convention, we invite and cordially welcome the co-ope- 
ration of all TDatriotic citizens, without regard to previoua 
affiliations. 



198 



13ALL0T1^'G FOR CANDIDATES. 



HORACE GREELEY 

NOMINATED TOR THE PRESIDENCT. 

The next order of business being the Nomination of Candi- 
dates for the Presidency, the Chair stated that it would be 
done without the formal presentation of Candidates. The 
roll of States was then ealled. 



FIRST BALLOT. 

Adams, . . . 205 Brown, . 

Greeley, . . . 147 Curtin, 

Trumbull, . . .110 Chase, . 

Davis, . . . 92 1-3 

Total Vote, 614. Neeessary to a ehoiee, 308. 



, 95 

63 

21-2 



Adams, 
Greeley, . 
Trumbull, . 
Total Vote, 714, 



SECOND BALLOT. 

243 Davis, . 
Brown, 



239 
148 



Chase, 



Necessary to a choice, 358. 

THIRD BALLOT. 

Adams, ... 264 Davis, . 
Greeley, ... 258 Brown, 

Trumbull, . . .150 

Total Vote, 714. Necessary to a choice, 358. 



44 
2 



FOURTH BALLOT. 



Adams, . . .279 


Davis, . 


. 51 


Greeley, . . . 251 


Brown, 


2 


Trumbull, . . .141 






Total Vote, 724. Neeessary to a choice, 303. 




FIFTH BALLOT. 




Adams, . . . 309 j Davis, . 


30 


Greeley, ... 258 


Chase, 


24 


Trumbull, ... 91 


Brown, . 


. 2 



Total Vote, 714. Neeessary to a choice, 358. 



BALLOTING FOK CANDIDATES. 199 

SIXTH AND LAST BALLOT. 

It was ordered amid a scene of great confusion. After the 
roll-call of States, it stood, 



332 



Greeley, . 

Adams, . . 324 

Trumbull, . . 19 



Cliase, .... 82 
Davis, ... 6 

Palmer, ... 1 



Before the vote was announced, Minnesota changed 9 from 
Trumbull to Greeley, and Pennsylvania changed 50 for 
Greeley, and 6 for Davis. Other changes were made, amid 
great noise and confusion. 

The chair finally announced the result as follows : 

Whole Vote, . . 714 I Greeley, . . .482 
Necessary to a choice, 358 I Adams, . . . 187 

Mr. Greeley was therefore the choice of the Convention. 



B. GRATZ BROWN 

NOMINATED FOR THE VICE-PRESIDENCY. 

The Convention then proceeded to the Nomination of a 
Vice-President. It was announced that Mr. Trumbull would 
not except under any circumstances, and Cassius M. Clay 
declined to be a candidate. 

Two ballots were taken. On the first, Mr. Brown received 
237 votes. On the second ballot he received 435 votes, out of 
696, the whole number cast, and was therefore the choice o£ 
the Convention for this office. 



HORACE GREELEY. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



On the 17th of August, 1831, a tall, pale and very plainly 
dressed young man of twenty years, with ten dollars in his 
pocket, and all his worldly goods tied up in a cotton handker- 
chief, which was made fast to a hickory stick swung over 
his shoulder^ was seen leaving a steamer at Wliitehall, New 




HORACE GKEELET. 

York city. His course was up Broad St. to "Wall, thcnc© 
across to "West street, searching as he went for some boarding 
place, at a price within his means. At length, at No. 1G3 
"West street, he found a grog-shop and boarding-house com- 
bined, kept by one Mr. Golrick, where he obtained board and 
lodging at the stipulated price of S2.50 per week. 

The name of this young man was Horace Greeley, of Scotch- 
Irish lineage, and a descendant of one of the three brothers 



HORACE GREELEY. 201 

■who emigrated to America, in 1610. His fatlier's name was 
Zacclieus Greeley, a poor and hard-working farmer who mar- 
ried his mother, Mary Woodburn, when she was but nineteen 
years of age. 

Horace was born on the Srd of February, 1811, in an un- 
painted, one-story frame house, which was facing the old 
road extending from the Merrimac, to Amherst in New Hamp- 
shire. Although a delicate, sickly child, he accomplished a 
great deal of hard labor as he grew older, assisting his father 
on the farm, spending however, a few months in each year at 
the village school. 

In 1820, his father, who had been running behind was in- 
debted to a few creditors to the amount of $1,000 and not be- 
ing able to pay, they levied on his farm and personal proper- 
ty which were appraised and set off to the creditors at a nom- 
inal sum. The family soon removed to Vermont into a small 
dwelling which his father had hired for $16 per annum, and 
their poverty compelled them to live in ihe most frugal man- 
ner, principally on rye bread and Indian meal. 

Horace remained assisting his father until his fifteenth 
year. In April 1836, he became an apprentice in the office of 
the publishers of the " Northern Spectator," at East Poult- 
ney, Vermont, where he was kindly treated and where, hav- 
ing access to a public library, he spent his leisure hours in 
reading and mental improvement. After completing his 
trade, he visited his parents, who had removed into New York 
state, and then was engaged for several months in the office 
of the Erie Gazette, at Erie, Pa., at $15 per month. 

After dividing his earnings with his parents, to whom he 
was much attached, he started for New York city, with $25 
in his pocket, and arrived there with but $10 left, as stated in 
the opening of this sketch. He obtained partial employment 
after a few days, at small wages, and in the spring and sum- 
mer of 1833, obtained employment on the "Spirit of the 
Times," a weekly sporting paper. 

In 1833, he and a Mr. Story opened a small printing estab- 
lishment, doing principally job work; subsequeuth', in 1834, 
he edited "The New Yorker," a large weekly paper, which 



202 HORACE GREELEY. 

was published by himself and Mr. "Winchester. lie continued 
editing and publishing this paper for about seven years. He 
•was, however, unfortunate. Having been burned out in the 
great Ann Street lire in 18o5, being but partially insured, and 
meeting with many losses, and not being able to collect the 
subscriptions to his paper, which had accumulated to about 
$10,000, he was obliged to discontinue his paper, which he did 
in September, 1841. 

In 18o8, Mr. Thurlow Weed and other leading Whigs, hav- 
ing decided to start a cheap weekly campaign paper, to be 
called " The Jeffersonian." Mr. Greeley was selected as its 
editor, and offered $1,000 per annum to edit it, which offer he 
accepted. He subsequently, after the nomination of Harrison, 
edited and published a campaign paper, called the " Log Cab- 
in," which had an immense circulation. On the 10th of April, 
1841, Mr. Greeley issued the first number of " The New York 
Tribune," as a Whig paper. It was started as a cheap daihj 
journal, at the price of one cent per copy, and has since proved 
to have been a most profitable and successful adventure. His 
first issue was 5,000, most of which were given away. His 
current expenses the first week was $525, while his receipts 
amounted to only §92. The subscriptions, however, to the 
paper, rapidly increased, and soon reached a circulation of 
10,000 copies. For many years it Avas carried on, and prospered 
•under Greeley & McElrath, who had formed a co-partnership 
soon after it was started. 

For many years, it has been the leading Republican paper 
of the Union, and its receipts, as well as expenses, have been 
enormous. In 18GG, its receipts amounted to over nine hun- 
dred thousand dollars. Its present circulation is much less 
than formerly. 

Mr. Greeley was in every sense of the word a "self-made" 
man. He has been a hard worker, able reasoner, and deep 
thinker, and much attached to the isms of the day. Honest 
in his vicAvs and purposes, he has fearlessly and boldly given 
his opinions to the world ; many of which have been original 
and peculiar 

In 1848, he was elected to Congress, to fill a vacancy, and 
served for about three months. 



HORACE GKEELET 203 

Mr. Greeley was married July 5th, 1836, and of six children, 
but two are now remaining. Most of his leisure was passed 
upon his farm, at Chappaqua^ in "Westchester Co., New Torli. 
about nine miles above White Plains, and about thirty-five 
miles from the City Hall in New York City. The farm em- 
braced about seventy-five acres, twenty-five of which are cov- 
ered with forest trees, in which he took especial pride. 

After the crushing out of the rebellion, he became with 
several others bail for Jefierson Davis, for which act, he was 
warmly condemned by some, but he alleges that it was done 
merely as an act of justice and humanity. 

On the 3rd of May, 1872, at the convention of the Liberal 
Kepublicans, he was nominated for the Presidency, as herein- 
before stated, and subsequently on the 10th day of July, he was 
hominated by the National Democratic Convention, at Balti- 
more. He was however defeated, as Grant was re-elected by 
a large majority. He died Nov. 29, 1872. 



B. GRATZ BKOWK 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, 



This gentleman -was born in Lexington, Kentucky, on tlie 
28th of May, 1826. Ho is the son of Judge Mason Brown, an 
eminent jurist and magistrate of that State. Ilis grandfather 
■was John Brown, of Roelcbridge, Va., who was a representa- 
tive iu Congress from 1789, to 1793. He subsequently remov- 




B. GRATZ BROWN. 

ed to Kentucky, settled at Frankfort, and was one of her first 
Senators after slic was admitted into the Union. 

His grandfather on the maternal side, was Jesse Bledsoe, a 
a distinguished jurist of Kentucky, who was elected to repre- 
sent that State in tlie Senate of the United States. He was also 
a Cliief Justice of the Supreme Court of Kentucky, and a pro- 
fessor of Law in the University of Transylvania. 



B. GRATZ BROWIiT. 205 

B. Gratz Brown has received a most liberal education, and 
having passed through Transylvania University, he entered 
Tale College, from which he graduated in 1847. He subse- 
quently studied law, and settled at St. Louis, Missouri. In 
1853, he was elected to the Legislature of that State, where he 
represented his District for six years. He edited the Missouri 
Democrat, from 1854, to 1859. He was a strong Anti-Slavery 
man in that section of the Country, and took a bold and fear- 
less stand against the exactions of the Slave power. 

In 1857, he was the Free Soil Candidate for Govenior, and 
came very near being elected. He took strong ground against 
the rebellion, and in the attack and captui'e of Camp Jack- 
son, in 1861, he commanded a regiment of militia, and exhib- 
ited great coolness and gallantry. In 1863, he was elected to 
the Senate of the United States, where he served for four 
years. He was subsequently nominated for Governor of his 
State, and by a coalition of Democrats and Republicans he 
was elected, having received a majority of over 40,000. 

Since his election to that office, Missouri has greatly ex- 
tended her internal improvements, and is rapidly developing 
her immense resources. He is bold and decisive in action, 
energetic and persevering in all his undertakings, consults the 
happiness and prosperity of the masses, and as a Governor, is 
very popular. 

At the Liberal Republican Convention, he received 95 votes 
on the 1st ballot for the Presidency, but at once declined in 
favor of Greeley. He then received on the first ballot for the 
Vice-Presidency 237 votes, and on the second 495, and was 
therefore declared the nominee of the Convention for that 
office. At the Democratic Convention at Baltimore, he also 
received the nomination for the same office. 



THE NATIONAL REPUBLICAN CONVENTION, 

Held in PniLADELpniA, June 5, 1872. 



CANDIDATES PLATFORM, &C, 



THE MTIOML REPUBLICAl^ COXVEXTIOK. 



At 12 o'clock, at noon, on the 5th day of June last, the Con- 
vention was called to order in the Academy of Music, at 
Philadelphia, by Gov. Claflin, who reminded the delegates of 
the glorious history of the Republican party during the past 
twenty years and asserted that the promises of reform and 
progress made four j^ears ago, had been faithfully perfornaed. 

He then introduced the Honorable Morton McMichael as 
temporary Chairman, who in his remarks, stated that the peo- 
ple had decided in advance respecting the nominee, and that 
they had only to put their will into proper shape, by formally 
nominating Ulysses S. Grant, and with the blessing of God, 
they would make that nomination without demur, without 
debate, and without dissent. At about 4 o'clock, the Com- 
mittee on permanent organization, reported Judge Settle of 
North Carolina for permanent Chairman, and Postmaster 
Bingham of Philadelphia, for permanent Secretary. 

On the 6th of June, at 10 o'clock, A. M. the Convention re- 
assembled in the Academy of Music, which was densely pack- 
ed. After some preliminary exercises, Mr. McMichael pre- 
sented a series of resolutions from the Union League of Amer- 
ica, and by vote of the Convention, they were read and order- 
ed to be entered on the minutes and printed. The resolutions 
set forth the principles of the Republican party, and urged 
the importance of faithfully standing by, and upholding them, 
against all toes of opposition and treachery. 



NOMINATION OF U. S. GRANT FOR PRESIDENT. 

After a few speeches had been made, Mr. Cullum of Illi- 
nois, arose and said, " On behalf of the great Republican party 
of Illinois, and of the Union; in the name of liberty, loyalty, jus- 
tice, law, interest of economy, good government, peace and equality 



208 NOMIXATIOX OF ULYSSES S. GRANT. 

oj all before i?te laio ; remembering with gratitude, the achieve- 
ments as a soldier in the field, and statesmanship in the Presiden- 
cy, I renominate Ulysses S. Gratitfor the Presidency.''^ 

This was received witli the wildest enthusiasm, hats and 
handlvcrcheifs were waved, the music playing " Ilail to the 
Chief," during which the curtain in the rear of the stage de- 
scended, disclosing a painting of Grant on horseback. 

FIRST AND ONLY BALLOT. 

The roll was then called for the first ballot, and as each 
State was called, the chairman of its delegation in a few re- 
marks, announced its unanimous vote for Grant, and the re- 
sult was, that he was unanimously renominated as the candi- 
date for the next Presidency, and it was so announced by the 
chairman. 

Previous to the balloting for the candidate for the Vice-Presi- 
dency, Mr. Schofield of Pennsylvania, chairman of committee 
on resolutions, announced that General Ilawley of Connecti- 
cut, secretary of the committee, would read the resolutions, 
which were as follows : 



PLATFORM. 

Adopted by the Pepublican National Conventi07i held at Philadel- 
phia June 6th anddth., 1872. 

The Republican party of the United States, assembled in 
National convention, in the city of Philadelphia, on the 5th 
and Gth of June, 1872, again declares its faith, appeals to its 
history, and announces its positions upon the questions be- 
fore the Country. 

First — During eleven years of supremacy, it has accei)ted 
with grand courage the solemn duties of the time. It sup- 
pressed a gigantic rebellion, emancipated 4,000,000 of slaves, 
decreed the equal citizenship of all, and established universal 
suffrage. Exhibiting unparalleled magnanimity, it criminally 
punished no man for political offenses, and Avarmly welcomed 
all who proved their loyalty, by obeying the laws and dealing 
justly with their neighbors. It has steadily decreased with a 
firm hand, the resultant disorders of a great war, and initiated 



THE NATIONAL KEPUBLICAN PLATFORM. 209 

a irise policy towards the Indians. The Pacific railroad, and 
similar vast enterj>rises have been generously aided and suc- 
cessfully conducted, the public lands freely given to actual 
settlers, immigration protected and encouraged, and a full ac- 
knowledgement of the naturalized citizen's rights secured 
from European powers. A uniform national currency has 
been provided, repudiation frowned down, the national cred- 
it sustained under the most extraordinary burdens, and new 
bonds negotiated at lower rates. The revenues have been 
carefully collected, and honestly applied. Despite the annu- 
al large reduction of rates of taxation, the public debt has 
been reduced, during General Grant's Presidency, at the rate 
of $100,000,000 a year. A great financial crisis has been 
avoided, and peace and plenty prevail throughout the land. 
Menacing foreign difficulties have been peacefully and honor- 
ably compromised, and the honor and power of the nation kei)t 
in high respect throughout the world. This glorious record 
of the past, is the party's best pledge for the future. "We be- 
lieve the people will not entrust the government to any party, 
or combination of men composed chiefly of those who have 
resisted every step of this beneficial progress. 

Second — Complete liberty, and exact equality in the em- 
ployment of all civil, political and public rights should be es- 
tablished and efi'ectually maintained throughout the Union, 
by efllcient, and appropriate State and Federal legislation. 
Neither the law nor its administration should admit of any 
discrimination in respect of citizens by reason of race, creed, 
color or previous condition of servitude. 

Third — The recent amendments to the national constitu- 
tion should be cordially sustained because they are right, not 
merely tolerated because they are law, and should be carried 
out according to their spirit, by appropriate legislation, the 
enforcement of which, can be safely trusted only to the 
party that secured those amendments. 

Fourth — The national government should seek to main- 
tain honorable peace with all nations, protecting its citizens 
everywhere, and sympathising with all x^eoplcs who strive for 
greater liberty. 

Fifth — Any system of the civil sersicc under which thesub- 
14 



210 THE NATIONAL KEPUBLICAN PLATFORM. 

ordinate positions of the goverment are considered rewards 
for mere party zeal is fatally dctnoralizing, and we therefore 
favor a reform of the system by laws which shall abolish the 
evils of patronage, and make honesty, efficiency, and fidelity 
the essential qualifications for public position, without prac- 
tically creatini; a life tenure of office. 

Sixth— We are opposed to further grants of the public lands 
to corjjorations and monopolies, and demand that the nation- 
al domain be set apart for free homes for the people. 

Seventh— The annual revenue, after paying the current ex- 
penditures, the pensions, and the interest on the debt, 
should furnish a moderate balance for the reduction of the 
principal, and that revenue, except so much as may be derived 
from a tax on tobacco and liquors, should be raised by duties 
upon importations, the detail of which should be so adjusted 
as to aid in securing remunerative wages to labor, and promote 
the industries, growth and prosperity of the whole country. 

Eighth— We hold in undying honor the soldiers and sail- 
ors whose valor saved the union. Their pensions are a sacred 
debt by the nation, and the wiJows and orphans of those who 
died for their country are entitled to the care of a generous 
and grateful people. We favor such additional legislation as 
will extend the bounty of the government to all our soldiers 
and sailors who were honorably discharged, and who, in the 
line of duty, became disabled, without regard to the length of 
eervice or the cause of such discharge. 

Ninth — The doctrine of Great Britain and other European 
powers concerning allegiance — " once a subject, always a sub- 
ject"— having at last, through the efforts of the republican 
party, been abandoned, and the American idea of the individ- 
ual's right to transfer allegiance, having been accepted by 
European nations, it is tlie duty of our govcniraent to guard 
with jealous care the rights of adopted citizens against the 
assumption of unauthorized claims by their former govern- 
ments, and we urge the continued and careful encouragement 
and protection of voluntary immigration. 

Tenth— Tlic franking privilege ought to be abolished and 
the way prepared for a speedy rcductiou in the rates of post- 
ago. 



THE NATIONAL REPUBLICAN PLATFORM. 211 

Eleventh— Among the questions which press for attention, 
is that which concerns the relations of capital and labor, and 
the republican party recognizes the duty of so shai^ing Jegis- 
lation as to secure full protection and the amplest field for 
capital, and for labor, the creator of capital, the largest op- 
portunities and a just share of the mutual profits of theso 
two great servants of civilization. 

Twelfth— We hold that Congress and the President have 
only fulfilled an imperative duty in their measures for the 
suppression of violent and treasonable organizations in cer- 
tain lately rebellious regions, and for the protection of the 
ballot-box, and therefore they are entitled to the thanks of 
the nation. 

Thirteenth — We denounce repudiation of the public debt in 
any form or disguise as a national crime. We witness with 
pride the reduction of the principal of the debt, and of the 
rates of interest upon the balance, and confidently expect that 
our excellent national currency will be perfected by a speedy 
resumption of specie payments. 

Fourteenth— The republican party is mindful of its obliga- 
tions to the loyal women of America for their noble devotion 
to the cause of freedom. Their admission into wider fields 
of usefulness is viewed with satisfaction, and the honest de- 
mands of any class of citizens for additional rights, should be 
treated with respectful consideration. 

Fifteenth — We heartily approve the action of congress in 
extending amnesty to those lately in rebellion, and rejoice in 
the growth of peace and fraternal feeling throughout the land. 

Sixteenth— The republican parly proposes to respect the 
rights reserved by the people to themselves as carefully as the 
powers delegated by them to the state and to the federal gov- 
ernments. It disapproves of the resort to unconstitutional laws 
for the purpose of removing evils by interference with 
rights not surrendered by the people to either the State or the 
National Government. 

Seventeenth — It is the duty of the General Government to 
adopt such measures as will tend to encourage American com- 
merce and shipbuilding. 

Eighteenth— Wc believe that the modbst jJatriotism, the 



212 NOMINATION OF UENRT WILSON. 

earnest purpose, the sound judgment, the practical wisdom, 
the incorruptible integrity and tlie illustrious services of Ulys- 
ses S. Grant have commended him to the heart of the Ameri- 
can people, and with him at our head we start to-day upon a 
new march to victory. 

It was moved by General Burnside that the Platform as a 
whole be adopted, which motion was carried. 



HENRY WILSON 

NOMINATED FOR VICE PRESIDENT. 

Henry "Wilson and Schuyler Colfax, were the two leading 
Candidates proposed for this office, and both had warm and 
enthusiastic friends and it was doubtful which would obtain 
the nomination ; hence there was great excitement during the 
balloting, and loud cheers were called forth on one side or the 
other as it progressed. 

FIRST AND ONLY BALLOT. 

At the close of the roll call, the vote stood as follows : 

. 16 

1 

. 1 



Wilson, . . 3G11-2 


Davis, 


Colfax, . . 3311-2 


Hawley, 


Maynard, . . 25 


Noyes, 


Lewis, ... 23 




Whole number of Votes, 7 


51. 



At this stage, and before the result was announced, Virginia 
changed 20 of her votes to Wilson, making him 384 1-3, 
which gave him the nomination. Several other changes were 
Bubsequcntly made, when Mr. Crane of Indiana moved that 
Wilson's nomination be made unanimous, which was agreed 
to amidst great cheerinjj. 



HENRY WILSOlSr. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 



This gentleman was born at Farmington, New Hampshire, 
on the 15th day of February, 1812, of poor, but respectable 
parents. At an early age, he was apprenticed to a farmer, 
with whom he remained till he was twenty-one years of age. 
His early education was necessarily very much neglected. He 
attended school only at short, irregular periods, which did not 




HEXET WILSON. 

exceed twelve months during the whole time he was upon the 
farm. Being, however, very fond of reading, he spent all his 
leisure moments in the perusal of such books as he could ob- 
tain, and thereby acquired a pretty thorough knowledge of men 
and of history. 



214 HENRY WILSON. 

At the age of twenty-one, he went to Natick, Mass., where 
he learned the trade of shoc-makin<;, and accumulated a little 
money. Bcin.i; desirous of obtaining an education, he com- 
menced to study, but the person to ^yhom he loaned his money 
having failed, he was obliged to go back to his trade at Naticlc 
but not disheartened, he improved every opportunity to im- 
prove his mind, and cuUivntc his talents, turning his attention 
more particularly to political subjects 

In 1810, he made several public political speeches, and the 
same year, at the age of twenty-eight years, he was elected to 
the Massachusetts Legislature, and having served there for 
four years, was elected to the Senate of that State, and was 
the president of that body for two sessions. He became a 
warm and earnest supporter of anti-slavery principles and sen- 
timents, and when in 1818, being a delegate to the Whig Na- 
tional Convention, that body rejected the anti-slavery resolu- 
tions, he withdrew from the Convention, and became promi- 
nent in the organization of the Free-Soil party. 

In 1853, he was chosen president of the Free-Soil National 
Convention in Pittsburg, and chairman of the National Com- 
mittee. In the same year he was run on the Free-Soil ticket 
as a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by a small ma- 
jority. In 1355, he was elected a Senator to succeed Edward 
Everett in Congress, and was re-elected in 1859 for a long 
term. Soon after taking his seat, he made strenuous efforts 
for the repeal of the fugitive slave law, and the abolition of 
slavery in the District of Columbia. 

Senator Wilson was once challenged by Brooks, for denounc- 
ing his attack on Sumner, as " murderous, brutal, and eow- 
ardl}-," but refused to fight, condemning duelling as a barba- 
rous practice. Shortly after the outbreak of the war, he 
raised the Twenty-Second Regiment of Massachusetts Volun- 
teers, of which he was the Colonel, and after joining the army 
of the Potomac, was made a member of General McClellan's 
staff, in which capacity he served until the meeting of Con- 
gress. 

During the war, he held the position of chairman of the 
Committe of Military Affairs, and as such, on the 4th of July, 



HENRY TVILSON. 



216 



1861, gave notice that on the following day he should ask 
leave to introduce six bills, having for their object the sup- 
pression of the rebellion, which bills, subsequently elicited 
much debate. 

After being selected as a candidate, a large number of his 
fellow-townsmen in Natick, assembled to congratulate him 
upon his nomination, and the following is the conclusion of 
his address : 

Friends— I stand Ijefore you to-niglit, having been supported over and 
over again for public life by your generous confidence. I count you all 
friends liere tonight, of whatever political opinions you may be. It 
may be that there are those around me and about me, who have thought 
unkind thoughts, or said unkind words. I have forgotten them, and 
have no memory here for them to-night. I thank God that there is not 
a man or woman in my country that I cannot meet andofler the hand of 
friendship to. 

Thanking yoxi for your kindness, for the many evidences of your affec- 
tionate regard which I have received, and those near and dear to mo 
have received, I will close by simply saying that whatever shall be the 
result in the country in the coming canvass— if defeat comes, I shall en- 
deavor to bear it as I ought to do ; if victory comes, I will simply say, I 
shall strive in the future as I have in the past to serve my country with 
fidelity, with clean hands and a pure heart, and to be true to the inter- 
ests of my fellow men, and always to side with the weakest and poorest 
portion of my countrymen who need sympathy^ 

Mr, Wilson was elected to the Vice-Presidency, and occu- 

pied the office, from March, 1873, until his death, which took 

place at Washington, Nov, 22, IS'ZS. 



THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION, 

Held at Baltimore, July 0, 1872. 



CANDIDATES, PLATFOEM, &C. 



THE DEMOCRATIC XATIOML COXYEXTION. 



-On the 9tli day of July, 1872, Ford's Opera Honse 
at Baltimore, was crowded with delegates, and at 13 o'clock 
at noon, the Convention was called to order by the lion. 
August Belmont, Chairman of the National Committee, 
who, after some lengthy remarks, proposed Thomas Jefferson 
Randolph, of Virginia, a venerable gentleman of eighty years 
of age, and a grandson of Thomas Jefferson, as temporary 
Chairman. 

After some preliminary business had been disposed of, 
Committees appointed, and the rules of the last Democratic 
National CDnvention adopted for the government of the Con- 
vention, a recess was taken until 4 o'clock, P, M. 

After the Convention had reassembled, the Committee on 
Organization reported, for permanent President, James R. 
Doolittle of Wisconsin, who was conducted to the chair by 
Gov. Hoffman of New York, and Senator Bayard of Delaware. 

After taking the chair, Mr. Doolittle made a very lengthy 
and earnest speech to the Convention, which was concluded 
amid long and continued applause. 

Soon after 10 o'clock, A. M. on the following day, the Con- 
vention reassembled, and after being called to order Mr. A. E. 
Burr of Connecticut reported the resolutions which consti- 
tuted the Platform. 

Mr. Burr explained that the resolutions were the Cincinnati 
Platform exactly. Nothing added — nothing excluded. The 
preamble alone differed, it commenced as follows : 

" T^c, the Democratic Electors of the United States in National Conven- 
tion assembled, present the following principles, already proclaimed at 
Cincinnati, as essential to a just Government." (Then follo-w the 
Kesolutions.)* 

After the reading of the resolutions, Mr. Burr moved the 
adoption of the report, and moved the previous question. 
This course was warmly opposed by Mr. Bayard, who "did 
not believe in taking cut and dried, the resolutions of another 

*For Platform see page 196. 



218 KOMINATION OF GREELEY AND BROWN. 

organization." The previous question was sustained by a 
vote of 5:25 against 182, and the Platform was adopted by a 
vote of 070 against G3, 

GREELEY AND BROWN NOMINATED. 

Mr. Snowboolv of Illinois, presented the name of Horace 
Greeley as the Dcmocratie Candidate for the Presidenc}'. 
The roll of the States was then called, which resulted as 
follows : 



FOR PRESIDENT. 



Greeley, 


. 680 


Groesbeck, 


Bayard, . 


10 


Blank, 


Jerry Black, 


. 21 





Whole number of Votes, 733. 

FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 

B. Gratz Brown, . 713 | Blank, ... 13 
Stevenson, . . . I 
Whole number of Votes, 733, 

On motion, the nomination of Greeley and Brown was 
made unanimous. Amid music and great enthusiasm, a scene 
was lowered in the rear of the stage, presenting a view of the 
White House. Soon after the Convention adjourned. 



THE PAST AND PRESENT OF OUR COUNTRY. 



The Centennial Anniversary of the birth of our Republic 
is at hand, and also an International Celebration thereof at 
the City of Philadelphia, that being considered the most 
appropriate place, as there the Declaration of Independ- 
ence was adopted by the Congress of 1776, and signed. 
About forty nations, comprising nearly the whole civilized 
world, will unite with us in this great holiday exhibition. Our 
natural resources and their development, and our progress 
in the arts which benefit mankind, will be put in compari- 
son with those of other nations. Two hundred acrps are 
now enclosed for that purpose in Fairmount Park, and 
beautiful, spacious, and commodious buildings have been 
erected thereon, affording unsurpassed facilities both to 
exhibitors and visitors. 

The world moves. Mind is acting upon mind. The 
coruscations of intellect mingle and brighten. Thought, 
effort, and influence are concentrated. Social intercourse is 
rapid and universal. Oceans are traversed, deserts ex- 
plored, and all with ease and rapidity incredible. How 
wonderful are the changes of time ! 

The foundations of our country were laid by our Puritan 
fathers in intelligence and holiness. The school-room was 
valued next to their Bible and Sanctuary, and their Colleges 
and Universities of learning were formed on a basis which 
Europe could not but admire, 

A government of law was framed, most consistent with 
the rights of man. They possessed no pride of riches, no 
aristocracy of wealth, but mind and moral worth were 
made the capital of our country. Under such a govern- 
ment dignity has been attached to honest labor, and from 
every class of society, by the force of their own genius, and 
219 



220 OUR COUNTRY. 

reliance on their own efforts, men have arisen from obscu- 
rity, to political and intellectual eminence. 

One hundred years ago we were composed of thirteen 
feeble colonies, with about a million and a half of inhabi- 
tants, occupying the original narrow strip of land on the 
Atlantic coast, which has since expanded into a mighty 
Empire, extending westward to the shores of the Pacific, 
northward to the Northern Lakes, including the Arctic 
regions of Alaska. The extent of its conceded domain was 
then about half a million square miles. Now about three 
millions, five Imndred thousand square miles, with forty 
millions of inhabitants. 

One hundred years ago the agricultural interests of our 
country were in the hands of men who knew nothing of the 
science of husbandry. Agricultural implements were rude 
and simple, consisting chiefly of the scythe, sickle, spade, 
hoe, plough, harrow, and fork, made in the roughest and 
most imperfect manner ; but the philosophy of uses is being 
developed daily, of those arts and methods by which we 
propose to complete the mastery of the material world. 
There will be exhibited in this- the Centennial Year of 
American Independence, at the city of Philadelphia, an 
exhibition of American art and American skill at which no 
American need blush, and upon which all the civilized 
nations of the earth will congratulate us. 

One hundred years ago railroads were unknown, steam- 
boats were unknown, the electric telegraph was unknown. 
India-rubber was unknown, and machinery of different 
kinds was unknown ; but the pounding barrel, the saddle- 
bags, the tinder-box and the mortar and pestle, were things 
of daily use. 

The inventive talents and genius of our people have 
wonderfully developed the productive power and agricul- 
tural resources of the country, and especially has this been 
the case during the last forty years. 



■''Win 




OUR COUNTRY. 321 

In the construction of machinery, and especially in the 
invention of new and effective machines for the saving" of 
labor, and for the increase of productive power, our country 
is unsurpassed by any other. Machines are the produce of 
the mind of man, and their existence distinguishes the 
civilized man from the savage. Men cannot live in a civil- 
ized state without machines, for by them mankind are able 
to do that which their own bodily and physical powers 
could never effect to the same extent. By them we have 
subjected wind, fire, and water to our control and compelled 
them to be our obedient servants. 

Since the passage of the great Patent Act in 1836, the 
Patent Office has become a power in the land, and all new 
inventions are carefully secured and protected. It has for 
its oliject the protection and development of the inventive 
genius of the country. Prior to that time. Congress pre- 
sumed that a commissioner and one clerk were sufficient to 
do all the work of the Patent Office. Over sixty examiners 
are now employed, and a force of three hundred employees, 
are necessary to do the work. From 14,000 to 20,000 
patents are issued annually. 

The first iron track in America was built in 1827, at 
Quincy, Massachusetts. It was three miles in length, 
built for the transportation of granite ; and about the same 
time another, nine miles in length, for the transportation of 
coal, was built at Mauch Chunk, Pa.; but these were horse 
roads. The first locomotive built in this country was in 
1830, and in that year passengers began to be carried over 
short roads. Thirty-five years ago it was a wearisome 
journey of three days to go from New York to Albany, but 
now by the Pacific Railroad, that stupendous work of man, 
which has triumphed over numerous almost insurmountable 
obstacles, San Francisco has been brought within a week of 
New York. In 1850 there were but 7,000 miles of railway 
ou the American continent : in 18G7 there were 37,000 miles. 



223 OUR COUNTRY. 

Now there are upwards of 70,000 miles of railroads, run- 
ning in everj direction like net-work over our country. 
Through these intervening years, the iron horse has taken 
a long leap, across prairies, over deserts, through rocky 
mountains, and is stopped only by the deep waters of the 
broad Pacific. 

American reaping and mowing machines have been 
brought to a state of perfection during the last fifteen 
years. They can now bo operated by boys, and the single 
horse rake as now constructed, will do the labor of twenty 
men Milking machines have recently been invented, and 
soon the occupation ot the milk-maid will be abolished. 

Fifteen years ago our manufacturers had attempted 
scarcely anything in woolen fabrics, heyond common gooda 
of the coarsest kinds now they are producing almost 
every quality and variety, among which are Italian clothe, 
worsted poplins, mohair poplins, cashmeres, merinos, 
astrachans, chinchilla cloakings, embroidered table-covers, 
and Axminster carpets. The manufacture of India rubber 
was hardly known in 1840, but now extends to an endless 
variety of objects of daily use. 

In 1840 the most efficient printing presses carried their 
type upon ^ horizontal bed ^ but now "we have presses 
which receive their paper from a continuous roll, without 
guidance from human hands, and deliver it in finished 
sheets, printed on both sides, with such rapidity as to keep 
an attendant fully occupied in removing its completed 
work. The Bullock printing press feeds itself, cutting the 
paper to a suitable size, printing both sides at once, and 
throwing eft newspapers at the rate ol 20,000 per hour. 

Steam has been larg(ily developed and not only applied 
upon the ocean, but to Inland navigation, and upon our 
lakes, rivers, and canals, which are nightly lit up by the 
furnace-fires ot countless steamers. The electric telo' 
graph, invented by Professor Morse, an American, is but a 



OUR COUNTRY. 223 

quarter of a century old in its practical workings. The 
marvels of the age. the beneficient sewing machines, are 
thoroughly American in conception, application and devel- 
opment. How wonderful is the productive power of the 
human race, promoted by the progressive advancement of 
the industrial arts ! 

The cotton gin, the power shuttle, the planing machine, 
and the grain elevator, are Am^erican, and they are of vast 
benefit to the human race. Agricultural schools and col- 
leges have sprung up, agricultural societies and clubs are 
formed everywhere, and nearly every state has its yearly 
exhibition. 

The common school was made the special care of the 
New England States in early times. The need of higher 
institutions of learning was early felt. When the War of 
Independence was begun there were nine colleges in the 
colonies. There are now about three hundred colleges in 
the United States, and our common or public schools are in 
a most flourishing condition. We have now a great num- 
ber of teachers' institutes, teachers' associations, normal 
schools, and educational periodicals. 

The great thirst for reading and knowledge, and the 
great demand for books, has led to the investment of an 
immense amount of capital and labor therein, and books of 
all kinds have been scattered by the millions all over the 
land, producing wide spread intelligence. 

One hundred years ago the newspapers printed in the 
United States were few in number and small in size, and 
were issued weekly, semi weekly, and tri-weekly. The 
first daily newspaper issued in this country was the A7ner' 



224 OUR COUNTRT. 

lean Daily Advertiser, printed in Philadelphia in 1784. In 
1775 there were thirty-seven newspapers and periodicals in 
the United States. Now the number of daily newspapers 
in the United States is about five hundred and fifty, and of 
weeklies about five thousand, having in the aggregate an 
immense circulation. 

How vast and productive are the sources of wealth and 
prosperity in our mines of gold, silver, copper, petroleum, 
in our fisheries and fur trade, and in our forests of pine ! 
What stupendous monuments of Yankee ingenuity and 
Yankee enterprise do we see around us ! 

If we still continue to exercise those three political vir- 
tues, industry frugality, and economy, and still continue an 
united people, in all human probability the year 1900 will 
find us the most powerful nation that ever existed, with a 
population of one hundred millions. 



